Maven概述

第一节 为什么要学习Maven？

1、Maven 作为依赖管理工具

①jar 包的规模

随着我们使用越来越多的框架，或者框架封装程度越来越高，项目中使用的jar包也越来越多。项目中，一个模块里面用到上百个jar包是非常正常的。

比如下面的例子，我们只用到 SpringBoot、SpringCloud 框架中的三个功能：

• Nacos 服务注册发现

• Web 框架环境

• 图模板技术 Thymeleaf

最终却导入了 106 个 jar 包：

org.springframework.security:spring-security-rsa:jar:1.0.9.RELEASE:compile com.netflix.ribbon: ribbon:jar:2.3.0:compile org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-thymeleaf:jar:2.3.6.RELEASE:compile commons-configuration:commons-configuration:jar:1.8:compile org.apache.logging.log4j:log4j-api:jar:2.13.3:compile org.springframework:spring-beans:jar:5.2.11.RELEASE:compile org.springframework.cloud:spring-cloud-starter-netflix-ribbon:jar:2.2.6.RELEASE:compile org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-websocket:jar:9.0.39:compile com.alibaba.cloud:spring-cloud-alibaba-commons:jar:2.2.6.RELEASE:compile org.bouncycastle:bcprov-jdk15on:jar:1.64:compile org.springframework.security:spring-security-crypto:jar:5.3.5.RELEASE:compile org.apache.httpcomponents:httpasyncclient:jar:4.1.4:compile com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:jar:1.3:compile com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-databind:jar:2.11.3:compile io.reactivex:rxjava:jar:1.3.8:compile ch.qos.logback:logback-classic:jar:1.2.3:compile org.springframework:spring-web:jar:5.2.11.RELEASE:compile io.reactivex:rxnetty-servo:jar:0.4.9:runtime org.springframework:spring-core:jar:5.2.11.RELEASE:compile io.github.openfeign.form:feign-form-spring:jar:3.8.0:compile io.github.openfeign.form:feign-form:jar:3.8.0:compile com.netflix.ribbon:ribbon-loadbalancer:jar:2.3.0:compile org.apache.httpcomponents:httpcore:jar:4.4.13:compile org.thymeleaf.extras:thymeleaf-extras-java8time:jar:3.0.4.RELEASE:compile org.slf4j:jul-to-slf4j:jar:1.7.30:compile com.atguigu.demo:demo09-base-entity:jar:1.0-SNAPSHOT:compile org.yaml:snakeyaml:jar:1.26:compile org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-logging:jar:2.3.6.RELEASE:compile io.reactivex:rxnetty-contexts:jar:0.4.9:runtime org.apache.httpcomponents:httpclient:jar:4.5.13:compile io.github.openfeign:feign-core:jar:10.10.1:compile org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-aop:jar:2.3.6.RELEASE:compile org.hdrhistogram:HdrHistogram:jar:2.1.9:compile org.springframework:spring-context:jar:5.2.11.RELEASE:compile commons-lang:commons-lang:jar:2.6:compile io.prometheus:simpleclient:jar:0.5.0:compile ch.qos.logback:logback-core:jar:1.2.3:compile org.springframework:spring-webmvc:jar:5.2.11.RELEASE:compile com.sun.jersey:jersey-core:jar:1.19.1:runtime javax.ws.rs:jsr311-api:jar:1.1.1:runtime javax.inject:javax.inject:jar:1:runtime org.springframework.cloud:spring-cloud-openfeign-core:jar:2.2.6.RELEASE:compile com.netflix.ribbon:ribbon-core:jar:2.3.0:compile com.netflix.hystrix:hystrix-core:jar:1.5.18:compile com.netflix.ribbon:ribbon-transport:jar:2.3.0:runtime org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-json:jar:2.3.6.RELEASE:compile org.springframework.cloud:spring-cloud-starter-openfeign:jar:2.2.6.RELEASE:compile com.fasterxml.jackson.module:jackson-module-parameter-names:jar:2.11.3:compile com.sun.jersey.contribs:jersey-apache-client4:jar:1.19.1:runtime io.github.openfeign:feign-hystrix:jar:10.10.1:compile io.github.openfeign:feign-slf4j:jar:10.10.1:compile com.alibaba.nacos:nacos-client:jar:1.4.2:compile org.apache.httpcomponents:httpcore-nio:jar:4.4.13:compile com.sun.jersey:jersey-client:jar:1.19.1:runtime org.springframework.cloud:spring-cloud-context:jar:2.2.6.RELEASE:compile org.glassfish:jakarta.el:jar:3.0.3:compile org.apache.logging.log4j:log4j-to-slf4j:jar:2.13.3:compile com.fasterxml.jackson.datatype:jackson-datatype-jsr310:jar:2.11.3:compile org.springframework.cloud:spring-cloud-commons:jar:2.2.6.RELEASE:compile org.aspectj:aspectjweaver:jar:1.9.6:compile com.alibaba.cloud:spring-cloud-starter-alibaba-nacos-discovery:jar:2.2.6.RELEASE:compile com.google.guava:listenablefuture:jar:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava:compile com.alibaba.spring:spring-context-support:jar:1.0.10:compile jakarta.annotation:jakarta.annotation-api:jar:1.3.5:compile org.bouncycastle:bcpkix-jdk15on:jar:1.64:compile com.netflix.netflix-commons:netflix-commons-util:jar:0.3.0:runtime com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-annotations:jar:2.11.3:compile com.google.guava:guava:jar:29.0-jre:compile com.google.guava:failureaccess:jar:1.0.1:compile org.springframework.boot:spring-boot:jar:2.3.6.RELEASE:compile com.fasterxml.jackson.datatype:jackson-datatype-jdk8:jar:2.11.3:compile com.atguigu.demo:demo08-base-api:jar:1.0-SNAPSHOT:compile org.springframework.cloud:spring-cloud-starter-netflix-archaius:jar:2.2.6.RELEASE:compile org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-autoconfigure:jar:2.3.6.RELEASE:compile org.slf4j:slf4j-api:jar:1.7.30:compile commons-io:commons-io:jar:2.7:compile org.springframework.cloud:spring-cloud-starter:jar:2.2.6.RELEASE:compile org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core:jar:9.0.39:compile io.reactivex:rxnetty:jar:0.4.9:runtime com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-core:jar:2.11.3:compile com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:jar:3.0.2:compile com.netflix.archaius:archaius-core:jar:0.7.6:compile org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web:jar:2.3.6.RELEASE:compile commons-codec:commons-codec:jar:1.14:compile com.netflix.servo:servo-core:jar:0.12.21:runtime com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:jar:2.3.4:compile org.attoparser:attoparser:jar:2.0.5.RELEASE:compile com.atguigu.demo:demo10-base-util:jar:1.0-SNAPSHOT:compile org.checkerframework:checker-qual:jar:2.11.1:compile org.thymeleaf:thymeleaf-spring5:jar:3.0.11.RELEASE:compile commons-fileupload:commons-fileupload:jar:1.4:compile com.netflix.ribbon:ribbon-httpclient:jar:2.3.0:compile com.netflix.netflix-commons:netflix-statistics:jar:0.1.1:runtime org.unbescape:unbescape:jar:1.1.6.RELEASE:compile org.springframework:spring-jcl:jar:5.2.11.RELEASE:compile com.alibaba.nacos:nacos-common:jar:1.4.2:compile commons-collections:commons-collections:jar:3.2.2:runtime javax.persistence:persistence-api:jar:1.0:compile com.alibaba.nacos:nacos-api:jar:1.4.2:compile org.thymeleaf:thymeleaf:jar:3.0.11.RELEASE:compile org.springframework:spring-aop:jar:5.2.11.RELEASE:compile org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter:jar:2.3.6.RELEASE:compile org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-tomcat:jar:2.3.6.RELEASE:compile org.springframework.cloud:spring-cloud-netflix-ribbon:jar:2.2.6.RELEASE:compile org.springframework:spring-expression:jar:5.2.11.RELEASE:compile org.springframework.cloud:spring-cloud-netflix-archaius:jar:2.2.6.RELEASE:compile

而如果使用 Maven 来引入这些 jar 包只需要配置三个『依赖』：

    <!-- Nacos 服务注册发现启动器 -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-alibaba-nacos-discovery</artifactId>
    </dependency>
​
    <!-- web启动器依赖 -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
    </dependency>
​
    <!-- 视图模板技术 thymeleaf -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-thymeleaf</artifactId>
    </dependency>

#②jar 包的来源

• 这个jar包所属技术的官网。官网通常是英文界面，网站的结构又不尽相同，甚至找到下载链接还发现需要通过特殊的工具下载。

• 第三方网站提供下载。问题是不规范，在使用过程中会出现各种问题。

  • jar包的名称

  • jar包的版本

  • jar包内的具体细节

• 而使用 Maven 后，依赖对应的 jar 包能够自动下载，方便、快捷又规范。

#③jar 包之间的依赖关系

框架中使用的 jar 包，不仅数量庞大，而且彼此之间存在错综复杂的依赖关系。依赖关系的复杂程度，已经上升到了完全不能靠人力手动解决的程度。另外，jar 包之间有可能产生冲突。进一步增加了我们在 jar 包使用过程中的难度。

下面是前面例子中 jar 包之间的依赖关系：

而实际上 jar 包之间的依赖关系是普遍存在的，如果要由程序员手动梳理无疑会增加极高的学习成本，而这些工作又对实现业务功能毫无帮助。

而使用 Maven 则几乎不需要管理这些关系，极个别的地方调整一下即可，极大的减轻了我们的工作量。

2、Maven 作为构建管理工具

①你没有注意过的构建

你可以不使用 Maven，但是构建必须要做。当我们使用 IDEA 进行开发时，构建是 IDEA 替我们做的。

②脱离 IDE 环境仍需构建

3、结论

• 管理规模庞大的 jar 包，需要专门工具。

• 脱离 IDE 环境执行构建操作，需要专门工具。