#TCL
/*
TRANSACTION control language 事物控制语言
事务:
一个或一组sql语句组成一个执行单元,这个执行单元要么全部执行,要么全部不执行
案例:转账
张三丰 1000
郭襄 1000
update 表 set 张三丰余额 = 500 WHERE name = ‘张三丰’
update 表 set 郭襄余额 = 500 WHERE name = ‘郭襄’
*/
#查看mysql中支持的存储引擎
SHOW ENGINES
/*
事务的特性:
ACID
原子性:一个事务不可再分割,要么都执行要么都不执行
一致性:一个事务执行会使数据从一个一致状态切换到另外一个一致状态
隔离性:一个事务的执行不受其他事务的干扰
持久性:一个事务一旦提交,则会永久的改变数据库的数据.
事务的创建
隐式事务:事务没有明显的开启和结束的标记
比如insert、update、delete语句
delete from 表 where id =1;
显式事务:事务具有明显的开启和结束的标记
前提:必须先设置自动提交功能为禁用
set autocommit=0;
步骤1:开启事务
set autocommit=0;
start transaction;可选的
步骤2:编写事务中的sql语句(select insert update delete)
语句1;
语句2;
…
步骤3:结束事务
commit;提交事务
rollback;回滚事务
savepoint 节点名;设置保存点
事务的隔离级别:
脏读 不可重复读 幻读
read uncommitted:√ √ √
read committed: × √ √
repeatable read: × × √
serializable × × ×
mysql中默认 第三个隔离级别 repeatable read
oracle中默认第二个隔离级别 read committed
查看隔离级别
select @@tx_isolation;
设置隔离级别
set session|global transaction isolation level 隔离级别;
开启事务的语句;
update 表 set 张三丰的余额=500 where name=‘张三丰’
update 表 set 郭襄的余额=1500 where name=‘郭襄’
结束事务的语句;
*/
#1.演示事务的使用步骤
#开启事务
SET autocommit=0;
START TRANSACTION;
#编写一组事务的语句
UPDATE account SET balance = 1000 WHERE username=‘张无忌’;
UPDATE account SET balance = 1000 WHERE username=‘赵敏’;
#结束事务
ROLLBACK;
#commit;
SELECT * FROM account;
#视图
/*
含义:虚拟表,和普通表一样使用
mysql15.1版本出现的新特性,通过表动态生成的数据
比如:舞蹈班与普通班
创建语法的关键字 是否实际占用物理空间 使用
视图 CREATE VIEW 没有,知识保存了sql逻辑 可以增删改查,只是一般不能
表 CREATE TABLE 保存了数据 增删改查
*/
#一、创建视图
/*
语法:
create view 视图名
as
查询语句
*/
#1.查询邮箱中包含a字符的员工们、部门名和工种信息
#a.创建
CREATE VIEW myv1
AS
SELECT last_name,department_name,job_title
FROM employees e
JOIN departments d
ON e.department_id =d.department_id
JOIN jobs j
ON j.job_id = e.job_id
#b.使用
SELECT * FROM myv1 WHERE last_name like ‘%a%’
#2.查询各部门的平均工资级别
#a.创建视图查看各部门的平均工资
CREATE VIEW myv2
AS
SELECT avg(salary) ag,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
#b.使用
SELECT myv2.ag,g.grade_level
FROM myv2
JOIN job_grades g
ON myv2.ag BETWEEN g.lowest_sal AND g.highest_sal
#3.查询平均工资最低的部门信息
SELECT * FROM myv2 ORDER BY ag LIMIT 1
#4.查询平均工资最低的部门名和工资
SELECT d.department_name,ag
FROM myv2
JOIN departments d
ON myv2.department_id = d.department_id
ORDER BY ag
LIMIT 1
#二、视图的修改
#方式一:
/*
CREATE or REPLACE VIEW 视图名
AS
查询语句
/
#方式二:
/
ALTER VIEW 视图名
AS
查询语句
*/
ALTER VIEW myv2
AS
SELECT * FROM employees
#三、删除视图
/*
语法:DROP VIEW 视图名,视图名…
*/
DROP VIEW myv1
#四、查看视图(结构)
DESC myv1
SHOW CREATE VIEW myv1
#案例:
#1.创建视图emp_v1,要求查询电话号码以‘011’开头的员工姓名和工资、邮箱
CREATE OR REPLACE emp_v1
AS
SELECT last_name,salary,email
FROM employees
WHERE phone_number LIKE ‘011%’
#2.创建视图emp_v2,要求查询部门的最高涨工资高于12000的部门信息
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW emp_v2
AS
SELECT MAX(salary) ma,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING ma > 12000
SELECT d.*,emp_v2.ma
FROM departments d
JOIN emp_v2
ON emp_v2.department_id = d.department_id
#五、视图的更新
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv1
AS
SELECT last_name,email
FROM employees
SELECT * FROM myv1
#1.插入
#会对原始表生成更新
INSERT INTO myv1 VALUES(‘张飞’,‘zf@qq.com’)
SELECT * FROM employees
#2.修改
UPDATE myv1 SET last_name = ‘张无忌’ WHERE last_name = ‘张飞’
#3.删除
DELETE FROM myv1 WHERE last_name = ‘张无忌’
#具备以下特点的视图不允许更新
#①包含以下关键字的sql语句:分组函数、distinct、group by、having、union或者union all
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv1
AS
SELECT MAX(salary) m,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;
SELECT * FROM myv1;
#更新
UPDATE myv1 SET m=9000 WHERE department_id=10;
#②常量视图
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv2
AS
SELECT ‘john’ NAME;
SELECT * FROM myv2;
#更新
UPDATE myv2 SET NAME=‘lucy’;
#③Select中包含子查询
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv3
AS
SELECT department_id,(SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees) 最高工资
FROM departments;
#更新
SELECT * FROM myv3;
UPDATE myv3 SET 最高工资=100000;
#④join
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv4
AS
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e
JOIN departments d
ON e.department_id = d.department_id;
#更新
SELECT * FROM myv4;
UPDATE myv4 SET last_name = ‘张飞’ WHERE last_name=‘Whalen’;
INSERT INTO myv4 VALUES(‘陈真’,‘xxxx’);
#⑤from一个不能更新的视图
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv5
AS
SELECT * FROM myv3;
#更新
SELECT * FROM myv5;
UPDATE myv5 SET 最高工资=10000 WHERE department_id=60;
#⑥where子句的子查询引用了from子句中的表
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv6
AS
SELECT last_name,email,salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN(
SELECT manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IS NOT NULL
);
#更新
SELECT * FROM myv6;
UPDATE myv6 SET salary=10000 WHERE last_name = ‘k_ing’;
#测试题:
#1.创建视图,实现查询加个大于100的书名和类型名
CREATE VIEW myve1
VALUES
SELECT bname,name
FROM book b
JOIN booType t ON b.btypeid = t.id
WHERE price > 100