考研英语作文—谋篇布局

前言

本文主要记录了考研英语小作文的写作格式和思路，以及如何写好图画作文的首段，中间段和尾端，供读者阅读参考。

1应用文写作思路

应用文格式：称呼/标题、正文、落款、语域

称呼的正确写法（对应的是信件）

•第一个单词首字母大写

•专有名词首字母大写

•以逗号(冒号)结束

例：

My dear Professor Williams,

Dear professor,

Dear Sir or Madam,

标题的正确写法

•居中

•所有字母大写

例：

NOTICE

HOW TO MAKE USE OF THE LIBRARY

THE SINGING CONTEST COMES

正文

•每行第一行缩进4~6字母

•段落之间不空行

落款

•与右边界对齐

•第一个单词首字母大写，以逗号结束

语域

•正式语域

•非正式语域

例：

在校学生给校长写信反映问题，in my humble opinion,it may be useful to…

如何完成一篇作文？

•审题

•列提纲

•书写

•检查

分析：

•写信人：李明

•收信人：好基友张华

•主要内容：安慰考试失利的张华、给出恰当建议

•语域：避免过于正式、少用客套话

正文结构：

1. 首段：Comfort him

   安慰
   Dear Hua, I’m sorry to hear that you failed the recent IELTS.But don’t be so frustrated.In fact,more than half of students fail on their first try, mainly because of nervousness and a lack of preparation.

2. 中间段: give one to three suggestions（加戏，分析可能的原因=>建议）

   分析可能的原因
   I notice that you scored 5.0 on the writing section. According to my experience, a typical 5.0 writing may have a limited range of vocabulary and sentence structures, and it probably contains many grammatical errors.

   给出建议
   I suggest that you refer to A Handbook for the IELTS Writing, which shows how to avoid repetitions and errors.

3. 尾段: encourage him

   鼓励
   I hope you summon courage to make preparation for the second try.Call me whenever you need help. Yours,Li Ming

2.图画作文写作思路

•图画作文框架

段落	主要内容
首段	描述图画、指出寓意
中间段	A：分析原因/影响 B：举例验证 C：对比论证（A、B、C采取其中一种写法即可）
尾端	呼吁、建议、展望

•首段写法

如何描述图画
拆分：拆分,提取并罗列重点信息
转换：将上述信息用英语句子表达出来
组合：将这些句子有效组合成长句
时间主导型：
拆分：1.两个残疾人向前方奔去。2.他们丢弃拐杖。3.他们用绷带将残肢绑在一起。4.他们搀扶对方。
转换：1. Two disabled men run forward/ahead. 2.They abandon/throw away crutches. 3.They bandage the stumps of their missing legs together. 4.They support each other.
组合：after throwing away their crutches and bandaging the stumps of their missing legs together, two disabled men support each other and run forward. （利用时间状语优化）
添加功能句型：The picture above shows that after throwing away their crutches and bandaging the stumps of their missing legs together, two disabled men support each other and run forward.

空间主导型图画：
拆分： 1.有很多相互连接的房间。 2.每个房间都住着一个人。 3.这些人使用各自的电脑相互交流。
转换：1.There are many interconnected rooms.(there are many rooms that connect each other.) 2.There is a person living in each room.(There is a person who lives in each room.) 3.These people use their own computer to communicate with each other,
组合： There are many interconnected rooms. In each room（首尾相接） lives a person, who use his/her own computer to communicate with the others.
添加功能句型：As is described in the picture（如图所示）, there are many interconnected rooms. In each of which lives a person, who use his/her own computer to communicate with the others.

对立型图画：
拆分： 1.图画描绘了一幅虚构场景：两位男子都注意到地面上洒了一半在外的一瓶酒。2.其中一人说，“全完了！”，似乎 很沮丧。3.而另一人兴奋地说，“幸好还剩点儿。” 。
转换：1. The picture describes an imaginary scenario where two men see a half-spilled bottle of wine on the ground. 2. One of them cries, “It’s all over.” 3.The other seems excited, comforting himself that there is some left.
组合： The picture describes an imaginary scenario where two men see a half-spilled bottle of wine on the ground. One of them cries, “It’s all over.” The other seems excited, comforting himself that there is some left.

•中间段写法

指出寓意
寓意：The picture is aimed at revealing a fact that more and more Chinese people, regardless of sex or age, get addicted to online communication.
寓意：The cartoonist intends to call attention to a phenomenon that recently, more and more people are seeking cooperation to fight for the same goals.
寓意： The picture is aimed at revealing a belief shared by the Chinese that charity can help people get out of trouble.
寓意： The picture compares two different attitudes that people have towards setbacks in life.

•尾端写法

友情链接：动词ing作后置定语，推荐哦！

如何写好中间段？

写中间段常见问题：

• 无话可说而拼凑字数—积累常用素材（举例子<–学习、工作、生活）
• 有话可说但逻辑混乱—列提纲（增强文章的可读性）
• 逻辑合理但表达混乱—遣词造句练习

常用素材——“万能”角度：

1. 学习、工作、生活

   自信
   1. 自信的学生今后必定学业有成（学习）
   2. 自信的职场新人未来成为精英（工作）
   3. 自信的年轻父母把孩子培养成优秀的人（生活）

2. 物质（身体）、精神、情感

   手机的影响（the impact of mobile phones）
   1. 近视（shortsightedness）、颈椎病（neck-related problems）、糖尿病（diabetes）
   2. 抑郁症（depression、instant gratification）
   3. 社交恐惧症（social phobia）

3. 个人、他人（身边人）、社会

   过度捕捞（overfishing）和海洋资源的消耗（the depletion of ocean resources）
   1. 捕鱼者追求利益最大化（maximize profit）
   2. 其它捕鱼者不甘落后（do not want to lag behind）
   3. 海洋资源保护法缺失（a lack of laws）

提纲—>分析原因或影响：

分析原因：
提纲：
Topic Sentence: the reasons are obvious.
1) The middle-aged: Climb social ladder-> busy with work-> no time to spend with aged parents
2) old people: physical and mental problem-> cannot live on their own ->need daily care
Conclusion: more old people left unattended.
整合：
The reasons more and more people are unwilling to support their parents are obvious. Nowadays, people, particularly the middle-aged, are busy climbing the ever-steeper career ladder,spending much time on work; thus, they have limited time to spend with their parents. Another factor that we cannot ignore is that when people grow old, they are prone to various physical and mental weaknesses; worse, some of them are unable to live on their own, thereby requiring daily care. For these reasons we can understand why a growing number of aged people are left unattended.

分析影响：
提纲：
近：lots of conveniences to our daily life->举例：buy a book + communicate with our friends.
远：less time with friends and families->举例：see them once in a week -> feel lonely
整合：
All of us accept the fact that the development of the internet brings lots of conveniences to our daily life. for instance, we can buy a book on the net instead of going to a bookstore. Besides, we can communicate with our friends on the net without going out of home. But we can’t ignore the other side of these: the time we spend with friends or family becomes less. And we can hardly see them once in a week. It will make us feel lonely if we continue to use the tool on the net to talk with friends instead of talking with them on the phone or going out with them.

中间段展开——举例验证：

举例验证法结构-1：

●论点

●解释/论证

●举例

【好的开始等于成功了一半】
提纲：
●论点:好的开始等于成功了一半
●解释/论证:好的开始=做好准备=避开雷区->成功率增加
●举例验证:考研备考初期背单词的故事
整合：
●论点：There is no denying that a good start is half a success.
●解释/论证：A good start refers to（指的是） a situation in which we are well prepared. To put it another way（换言之）, we have ruled out（排除） actions that may give rise to（导致（不好的事情））failure. Such a start may not be fool-proof（万无一失的） but increase our success rate to some extent.
●举例验证：My preparation for this exam serves as a good example. Before enlarging my vocabulary, I acquired a great deal of knowledge about word origins（词根） and formations（构词法）. The approach payed off（带来好处） months later when I started practicing my reading skill. A typical reading passage（阅读理解） includes dozens of unfamiliar words; however, I could understand the general meaning according to the word roots（词根）, prefixes（前缀） and suffixes（后缀）.

举例验证法结构-2：

●论点：

●举例验证：

●解释说明：

【好的开始等于成功了一半】
提纲：
●论点:好的开始等于成功了一半更好写
●举例验证:考研备考初期背单词的故事
●解释说明:利用虚拟语气
整合：
●论点：There is no denying that a good start is half a success.
●举例验证：My preparation for this exam serves as a good example. Before enlarging my vocabulary, I acquired a great deal of knowledge about word origins（词根） and formations（构词法）. The approach payed off（带来好处） months later when I started practicing my reading skill. A typical reading passage（阅读理解） includes dozens of unfamiliar words; however, I could understand the general meaning according to the word roots（词根）, prefixes（前缀） and suffixes（后缀）.
●解释说明: If my learning had been by rote, I would not have had a deep understanding of English words, and I could have felt helpless in the face of passages filled with new words. （ 虚拟语气:动词形式If… had done, … would not have done, and could have done… ）

正反对比法结构：

●铺垫（可选）

●正面论证

●反面论证

【起点又是终点】
提纲：
●铺垫:生活观念变了 适应这种变化举例
●正面论证:设立新目标>获益良多-爱迪生的故事
●反面论证:满足于成功>失去进一步成功机会→成为成功奴隶—-有很多例子可以验证
整合：
●铺垫: With the increasing pace of modern life, perhaps no change has characterized the past decade more dramatically than that of people’s view on their own life. It is generally agreed upon that（大家都认同） people have to adjust themselves to this new change.
●正面论证: On the one hand, no doubt, people will gain a lot by setting new goals（通过…受益良多） in their daily life. Take the famous scientist Thomas Edison for example. He had done very well in his early life, but continued to pursue something more difficult all through his life.
●反面论证:On the other hand, if one is obsessed with（沉溺于） the success he has achieved, he would lose the chance to pursue new success. What is more, he may become the slave of his success. There are many cases showing that people lose their courage to better themselves after becoming successful.

如何写好尾端？

●呼吁:评价现象+呼吁改变/评价言论+呼吁推广

●建议: 1-2条建议(软硬（思想教育+法律法规）兼施)

●展望:未来可期

【不养老问题】
●呼吁: In my opinion, if people abandon parents or other elderly relatives, they not only destroy their families but also increase the burden on our government（增加XX的负担）. It is high time that（虚拟语气） we pulled together and reversed the trend（齐心协力+扭转趋势）.
●建议: Employers could adopt a policy of allowing employees to work at home so that the latter（后者） have more time to care for their parents. parents. Our government could increase the level of punishment on people showing little filial piety（孝顺）.
●展望: Only with the combined efforts can the society become more harmonious（和谐的）.

【合作】
●呼吁: To make a conclusion, an environment where people cooperate with each other is indeed conducive to（等于lead to） the accomplishment of a challenging goal. Thus, we college students should enhance our team spirit（团队精神）, one way or another（无论用什么方法）.
●建议: From my point of view, colleges could give students more assignments that are completed only through teamwork.
●展望: If every one of us becomes a cooperator rather than a lone wolf, the overall social efficiency will be much greater.