SQLAchemy 各种查询例子

连接数据库

SQLAlchemy本身无法操作数据库，其必须以来pymsql等第三方插件，Dialect用于和数据API进行交流，根据配置文件的不同调用不同的数据库API，从而实现对数据库的操作，如：

MySQL-Python
    mysql+mysqldb://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>

pymysql
    mysql+pymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>]

MySQL-Connector
    mysql+mysqlconnector://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>

cx_Oracle
    oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]

更多详见：http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/dialects/index.html

创建数据库

from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine

engine = create_engine("mysql+mysqldb://root:dushibing555@127.0.0.1:3306/sqlalchemy", max_overflow=5)

Base = declarative_base()

class Users(Base):
     __tablename__ = 'users'
     id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
     name = Column(String(32))
     extra = Column(String(16))

     __table_args__ = (
        UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),
         Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),
     )
  # 一对多
class Favor(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'favor'
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    caption = Column(String(50), default='red', unique=True)

    def __repr__(self):
        return "%s-%s" %(self.nid, self.caption)

class Person(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'person'
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
    favor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid"))
    # 与生成表结构无关，仅用于查询方便
    favor = relationship("Favor", backref='pers')
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)

增加数据

from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine

engine = create_engine("mysql+mysqldb://root:dushibing555@127.0.0.1:3306/sqlalchemy", max_overflow=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()

obj = Users(name="scott0", extra='sb')
session.add(obj)
session.add_all([
    Users(name="scott1", extra='sb'),
    Users(name="scott2", extra='sb'),
    Users(name="scott3", extra='sb'),
])
#创建成功
mysql> select * from users;
+----+--------+-------+
| id | name   | extra |
+----+--------+-------+
|  4 | scott0 | sb    |
|  5 | scott1 | sb    |
|  6 | scott2 | sb    |
|  7 | scott3 | sb    |
+----+--------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

查询数据

ret = session.query(Users).all() 
#结果：[4-scott0, 5-scott1, 6-scott2, 7-scott3]
ret = session.query(Users.name, Users.extra).all()
#结果：[('scott0', 'sb'), ('scott1', 'sb'), ('scott2', 'sb'), ('scott3', 'sb')]
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='scott').all() #结果：[]
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='scott').first() #结果：None
#　条件
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 1, Users.name == 'eric').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.between(1, 3), Users.name == 'eric').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(session.query(Users.id).filter_by(name='eric'))).all()
from sqlalchemy import and_, or_
ret = session.query(Users).filter(and_(Users.id > 3, Users.name == 'eric')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2, Users.name == 'eric')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(
    or_(
        Users.id < 2,
        and_(Users.name == 'eric', Users.id > 3),
        Users.extra != ""
    )).all()


# 通配符
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name.like('e%')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.name.like('e%')).all()

# 限制
ret = session.query(Users)[1:2]

# 排序
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc()).all()
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc(), Users.id.asc()).all()

# 分组
from sqlalchemy.sql import func

ret = session.query(Users).group_by(Users.extra).all()
ret = session.query(
    func.max(Users.id),
    func.sum(Users.id),
    func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).all()

ret = session.query(
    func.max(Users.id),
    func.sum(Users.id),
    func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).having(func.min(Users.id) >2).all()

# 连表

ret = session.query(Users, Favor).filter(Users.id == Favor.nid).all()

ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor).all()

ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor, isouter=True).all()


# 组合
q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret = q1.union(q2).all()

q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret = q1.union_all(q2).all()