C++ Primer Plus (第6版) 中文版 第十一章 使用类 编程练习答案

第十一章 编程练习
1.修改程序清单11.15， 使之将一系列连续的随机漫步者位置写入文件中。对于每个位置，用步号进行标示。另外，让该程序将初始条件（目标距离和步长）以结果小结写入到该文件中。
头文件：

// vect.h -- Vector class with <<, mode state
#ifndef VECTOR_H_
#define VECTOR_H_
#include <iostream>
namespace VECTOR
{
    class Vector
    {
    public:
        enum Mode {RECT, POL};
    // RECT for rectangular, POL for Polar modes
    private:
        double x;          // horizontal value
        double y;          // vertical value
        double mag;        // length of vector
        double ang;        // direction of vector in degrees
        Mode mode;         // RECT or POL
    // private methods for setting values
        void set_mag();
        void set_ang();
        void set_x();
        void set_y();
    public:
        Vector();
        Vector(double n1, double n2, Mode form = RECT);
        void reset(double n1, double n2, Mode form = RECT);
        ~Vector();
        double xval() const {return x;}       // report x value
        double yval() const {return y;}       // report y value
        double magval() const {return mag;}   // report magnitude
        double angval() const {return ang;}   // report angle
        void polar_mode();                    // set mode to POL
        void rect_mode();                     // set mode to RECT
    // operator overloading
        Vector operator+(const Vector & b) const;
        Vector operator-(const Vector & b) const;
        Vector operator-() const;
        Vector operator*(double n) const;
    // friends
        friend Vector operator*(double n, const Vector & a);
        friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & os, const Vector & v);
    };
}   // end namespace VECTOR
#endif

类中成员函数使用方法解释文件：

// vect.cpp -- methods for the Vector class
#include <cmath>
#include "vector.h"   // includes <iostream>
using std::sqrt;
using std::sin;
using std::cos;
using std::atan;
using std::atan2;
using std::cout;
namespace VECTOR
{
    // compute degrees in one radian
    const double Rad_to_deg = 45.0 / atan(1.0);
    // should be about 57.2957795130823
    // private methods
    // calculates magnitude from x and y
    void Vector::set_mag()
    {
        mag = sqrt(x * x + y * y);
    }
    void Vector::set_ang()
    {
        if (x == 0.0 && y == 0.0)
            ang = 0.0;
        else
            ang = atan2(y, x);
    }
    // set x from polar coordinate
    void Vector::set_x()
    {
        x = mag * cos(ang);
    }
    // set y from polar coordinate
    void Vector::set_y()
    {
        y = mag * sin(ang);
    }
    // public methods
    Vector::Vector()             // default constructor
    {
        x = y = mag = ang = 0.0;
        mode = RECT;
    }
    // construct vector from rectangular coordinates if form is r
    // (the default) or else from polar coordinates if form is p
    Vector::Vector(double n1, double n2, Mode form)
    {
        mode = form;
        if (form == RECT)
         {
             x = n1;
             y = n2;
             set_mag();
             set_ang();
        }
        else if (form == POL)
        {
             mag = n1;
             ang = n2 / Rad_to_deg;
             set_x();
             set_y();
        }
        else
        {
             cout << "Incorrect 3rd argument to Vector() -- ";
             cout << "vector set to 0\n";
             x = y = mag = ang = 0.0;
             mode = RECT;
        }
    }
    // reset vector from rectangular coordinates if form is
    // RECT (the default) or else from polar coordinates if
    // form is POL
    void Vector:: reset(double n1, double n2, Mode form)
    {
        mode = form;
        if (form == RECT)
         {
             x = n1;
             y = n2;
             set_mag();
             set_ang();
        }
        else if (form == POL)
        {
             mag = n1;
             ang = n2 / Rad_to_deg;
             set_x();
             set_y();
        }
        else
        {
             cout << "Incorrect 3rd argument to Vector() -- ";
             cout << "vector set to 0\n";
             x = y = mag = ang = 0.0;
             mode = RECT;
        }
    }
    Vector::~Vector()    // destructor
    {
    }
    void Vector::polar_mode()    // set to polar mode
    {
        mode = POL;
    }
    void Vector::rect_mode()     // set to rectangular mode
    {
        mode = RECT;
    }
    // operator overloading
    // add two Vectors
    Vector Vector::operator+(const Vector & b) const
    {
        return Vector(x + b.x, y + b.y);
    }
    // subtract Vector b from a
    Vector Vector::operator-(const Vector & b) const
    {
        return Vector(x - b.x, y - b.y);
    }
    // reverse sign of Vector
    Vector Vector::operator-() const
    {
        return Vector(-x, -y);
    }
    // multiply vector by n
    Vector Vector::operator*(double n) const
    {
        return Vector(n * x, n * y);
    }
    // friend methods
    // multiply n by Vector a
    Vector operator*(double n, const Vector & a)
    {
        return a * n;
    }
    // display rectangular coordinates if mode is RECT,
    // else display polar coordinates if mode is POL
    std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & os, const Vector & v)
    {
  if (v.mode == Vector::RECT)
             os << "(x,y) = (" << v.x << ", " << v.y << ")";
        else if (v.mode == Vector::POL)
        {
             os << "(m,a) = (" << v.mag << ", "
                 << v.ang * Rad_to_deg << ")";
        }
        else
             os << "Vector object mode is invalid";
        return os; 
    }
}  // end namespace VECTOR

对编程练习11.15的修改：

// randwalk.cpp -- using the Vector class
// compile with the vect.cpp file
#include <iostream>
#include<fstream>
#include <cstdlib>      // rand(), srand() prototypes
#include <ctime>        // time() prototype
#include "vector.h"
int main()
{
    using namespace std;
    using VECTOR::Vector;
 ofstream fout;
 fout.open("thewalk.txt");
    srand(time(0));     // seed random-number generator
    double direction;
    Vector step;
    Vector result(0.0, 0.0);
    unsigned long steps = 0;
    double target;
    double dstep;
    cout << "Enter target distance (q to quit): ";
    while (cin >> target)
    {
  cout << "Enter step length: ";
        if (!(cin >> dstep))
            break;
  fout<<"Target Distance: "<<target<<" , "<<"Step Size: "<<dstep<<endl;
        while (result.magval() < target)
        {
            direction = rand() % 360;
            step.reset(dstep, direction, Vector::POL);
            result = result + step;
   fout<<steps<<" : "<<result<<endl;
            steps++;
        }
        fout << "After " << steps << " steps, the subject "
            "has the following location:\n";
        fout << result << endl;
  cout << "After " << steps << " steps, the subject "
            "has the following location:\n";
        cout << result << endl;
        result.polar_mode();
        fout << " or\n" << result << endl;
        fout << "Average outward distance per step = "
            << result.magval()/steps << endl;
  cout << " or\n" << result << endl;
        cout << "Average outward distance per step = "
            << result.magval()/steps << endl;
        steps = 0;
        result.reset(0.0, 0.0);
        cout << "Enter target distance (q to quit): ";
    }
    cout << "Bye!\n";
/* keep window open
    cin.clear();
    while (cin.get() != '\n')
        continue;
    cin.get();
*/
    return 0; 
}

程序运行结果：

2.对Vector类的头文件（程序清单11.13） 和实现文件（程序清单11.14 进行修改），使其不再存储矢量的长度和角度，而是在magval()和angval()被调用时计算它们应保留公有接口不变（公有方法及参数不变），但对私有部分（包括一些私有方法）和方法实现进行修改。然后，使用程序清单11.15 对修改后的版本进行测试，结果应该与以前相同，因为Vector类的公有接口与原来相同。
头文件： vect.h

// vect.h -- Vector class with <<, mode state
#ifndef VECTOR_H_
#define VECTOR_H_
#include <iostream>
namespace VECTOR
{
    class Vector
    {
    public:
        enum Mode {RECT, POL};
    // RECT for rectangular, POL for Polar modes
    private:
        double x;          // horizontal value
        double y;          // vertical value
  Mode mode;
        void set_x(double mag,double ang);
        void set_y(double mag,double ang);
    public:
        Vector();
        Vector(double n1, double n2, Mode form = RECT);
        void reset(double n1, double n2, Mode form = RECT);
        ~Vector();
        double xval() const {return x;}       // report x value
        double yval() const {return y;}       // report y value
        double magval() const ;   // report magnitude
        double angval() const; // report angle
        void polar_mode();                    // set mode to POL
        void rect_mode();                     // set mode to RECT
    // operator overloading
        Vector operator+(const Vector & b) const;
        Vector operator-(const Vector & b) const;
        Vector operator-() const;
        Vector operator*(double n) const;
    // friends
        friend Vector operator*(double n, const Vector & a);
        friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & os, const Vector & v);
    };
}   // end namespace VECTOR
#endif

头文件中的函数成员解释文件： vect.cpp

// vect.cpp -- methods for the Vector class
#include <cmath>
#include "alter_vector.h"   // includes <iostream>
using std::sqrt;
using std::sin;
using std::cos;
using std::atan;
using std::atan2;
using std::cout;
namespace VECTOR
{
    // compute degrees in one radian
    const double Rad_to_deg = 45.0 / atan(1.0);
    // should be about 57.2957795130823
    // private methods
 // set x from polar coordinate
 double Vector::magval()const
 {
  return sqrt(x * x + y * y);
 }
 double Vector::angval()const
 {
  if (x ==0.0 & y ==0)
   return 0.0;
  else
   return atan2(y,x);
 }
 void Vector::set_x(double mag,double ang)
    {
        x = mag * cos(ang);
    }
    // set y from polar coordinate
    void Vector::set_y(double mag,double ang)
    {
        y = mag * sin(ang);
    }
    // public methods
    Vector::Vector()             // default constructor
    {
        x = y = 0.0;
        mode = RECT;
    }
    // construct vector from rectangular coordinates if form is r
    // (the default) or else from polar coordinates if form is p
    Vector::Vector(double n1, double n2, Mode form)
    {
        mode = form;
        if (form == RECT)
         {
             x = n1;
             y = n2;
        }
        else if (form == POL)
        {  
             set_x(n1,n2 / Rad_to_deg);
             set_y(n1,n2 / Rad_to_deg);
        }
        else
        {
             cout << "Incorrect 3rd argument to Vector() -- ";
             cout << "vector set to 0\n";
             x = y = 0.0;
             mode = RECT;
        }
    }
    // reset vector from rectangular coordinates if form is
    // RECT (the default) or else from polar coordinates if
    // form is POL
    void Vector:: reset(double n1, double n2, Mode form)
    {
        mode = form;
        if (form == RECT)
         {
             x = n1;
             y = n2;
        }
        else if (form == POL)
        {
             set_x(n1,n2 / Rad_to_deg);
             set_y(n1,n2 / Rad_to_deg);
        }
        else
        {
             cout << "Incorrect 3rd argument to Vector() -- ";
             cout << "vector set to 0\n";
             x = y =  0.0;
             mode = RECT;
        }
    }
    Vector::~Vector()    // destructor
    {
    }
    void Vector::polar_mode()    // set to polar mode
    {
        mode = POL;
    }
    void Vector::rect_mode()     // set to rectangular mode
    {
        mode = RECT;
    }
    // operator overloading
    // add two Vectors
    Vector Vector::operator+(const Vector & b) const
    {
        return Vector(x + b.x, y + b.y);
    }
    // subtract Vector b from a
    Vector Vector::operator-(const Vector & b) const
    {
        return Vector(x - b.x, y - b.y);
    }
    // reverse sign of Vector
    Vector Vector::operator-() const
    {
        return Vector(-x, -y);
    }
    // multiply vector by n
    Vector Vector::operator*(double n) const
    {
        return Vector(n * x, n * y);
    }
    // friend methods
    // multiply n by Vector a
    Vector operator*(double n, const Vector & a)
    {
        return a * n;
    }
    // display rectangular coordinates if mode is RECT,
    // else display polar coordinates if mode is POL
    std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & os, const Vector & v)
    {
  if (v.mode == Vector::RECT)
             os << "(x,y) = (" << v.x << ", " << v.y << ")";
        else if (v.mode == Vector::POL)
        {
   os << "(m,a) = (" << v.magval() << ", "
    << v.angval() * Rad_to_deg << ")";
        }
        else
             os << "Vector object mode is invalid";
        return os; 
    }
}  // end namespace VECTOR

测试文件：

// randwalk.cpp -- using the Vector class
// compile with the vect.cpp file
#include <iostream>
#include<fstream>
#include <cstdlib>      // rand(), srand() prototypes
#include <ctime>        // time() prototype
#include "alter_vector.h"
int main()
{
    using namespace std;
    using VECTOR::Vector;
    srand(time(0));     // seed random-number generator
    double direction;
    Vector step;
    Vector result(0.0, 0.0);
    unsigned long steps = 0;
    double target;
    double dstep;
    cout << "Enter target distance (q to quit): ";
    while (cin >> target)
    {
        ofstream fout;
  fout.open("thewalk.txt");
  fout << "Enter step length: ";
  cout << "Enter step length: ";
        if (!(cin >> dstep))
            break;
        while (result.magval() < target)
        {
            direction = rand() % 360;
            step.reset(dstep, direction, Vector::POL);
            result = result + step;
            steps++;
        }
        fout << "After " << steps << " steps, the subject "
            "has the following location:\n";
        fout << result << endl;
  cout << "After " << steps << " steps, the subject "
            "has the following location:\n";
        cout << result << endl;
        result.polar_mode();
        fout << " or\n" << result << endl;
        fout << "Average outward distance per step = "
            << result.magval()/steps << endl;
  cout << " or\n" << result << endl;
        cout << "Average outward distance per step = "
            << result.magval()/steps << endl;
        steps = 0;
        result.reset(0.0, 0.0);
        cout << "Enter target distance (q to quit): ";
    }
    cout << "Bye!\n";
/* keep window open
    cin.clear();
    while (cin.get() != '\n')
        continue;
    cin.get();
*/
    return 0; 
}

运行结果：

3.修改程序清单11.15 ，使之报告N次测试中最高、最低和平均步数（其中N是用户输入的整数），而不是报告每次的结果。

// randwalk.cpp -- using the Vector class
// compile with the vect.cpp file
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>      // rand(), srand() prototypes
#include <ctime>        // time() prototype
#include "alter_vector.h"
int main()
{
    using namespace std;
    using VECTOR::Vector;
    srand(time(0));     // seed random-number generator
    double direction;
    Vector step;
    Vector result(0.0, 0.0);
    unsigned long steps = 0;
    double target;
    double dstep;
 unsigned long maxstep;
 unsigned long minstep;
 unsigned long sumsteps = 0;
 double averagestep;
 int i=0;
    cout << "Enter target distance (q to quit): ";
    while (cin >> target)
    {
  cout << "Enter step length: ";
        if (!(cin >> dstep))
            break;
        while (result.magval() < target)
        {
            direction = rand() % 360;
            step.reset(dstep, direction, Vector::POL);
            result = result + step;
            steps++;
        }
  cout << "After " << steps << " steps, the subject "
            "has the following location:\n";
        if (i==0)
  {
   maxstep = steps;
   minstep = steps;
  }
  ++i;
  if(maxstep<steps)
   maxstep=steps;
  if (minstep>steps)
   minstep=steps;
  sumsteps +=steps;
  averagestep=sumsteps/i;
  cout<<"The maxstep is "<<maxstep<<endl;
  cout<<"The minstep is "<<minstep<<endl;
  cout<<"The averagestep is "<<averagestep<<endl;
        steps = 0;
        result.reset(0.0, 0.0);
        cout << "Enter target distance (q to quit): ";
    }
    cout << "Bye!\n";
    return 0; 
}

运行结果：

4.重新编写最后的Time类示例（程序清单11.10、 程序清单11.11 和程序清单11.12）， 使友元函数来实现所有的重载运算符。
程序清单11.10修改：

// mytime.h -- Time class with friends
#ifndef MYTIME3_H_
#define MYTIME3_H_
#include <iostream>
class Time
{
private:
    int hours;
    int minutes;
public:
    Time();
    Time(int h, int m = 0);
    void AddMin(int m);
    void AddHr(int h);
    void Reset(int h = 0, int m = 0);
 friend Time operator+(const Time & m, const Time & t);
 friend Time operator-(const Time & m, const Time & t);
 friend Time operator*(const Time & m, double n);
    friend Time operator*(double m, const Time & t)
        { return t * m; }   // inline definition
    friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & os, const Time & t);
};
#endif

程序清单11.11修改：

// mytime.cpp  -- implementing Time methods
#include "mytime.h"
Time::Time()
{
    hours = minutes = 0;
}
Time::Time(int h, int m )
{
    hours = h;
    minutes = m;
}
void Time::AddMin(int m)
{
    minutes += m;
    hours += minutes / 60;
    minutes %= 60;
}
void Time::AddHr(int h)
{
    hours += h;
}
void Time::Reset(int h, int m)
{
    hours = h;
    minutes = m;
}
Time operator+(const Time & m, const Time & t)
{
 Time sum;
 sum.minutes=m.minutes+t.minutes;
 sum.hours=m.hours+t.hours+sum.minutes/60;
 sum.minutes %=60;
 return sum;
}
Time operator-(const Time & m, const Time & t)
{
 Time diff;
 int tot1, tot2;
 tot1 = t.minutes+ 60*t.hours;
 tot2 = m.minutes+60*m.hours;
 diff.minutes=(tot2-tot1)%60;
 diff.hours=(tot2-tot1)/60;
 return diff;
}
Time operator*(const Time & m, double n)
{
 Time result;
 long totalminutes = m.hours * n * 60 +m.minutes * n;
    result.hours = totalminutes / 60;
    result.minutes = totalminutes % 60;
    return result;
}
std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & os, const Time & t)
{
    os << t.hours << " hours, " << t.minutes << " minutes";
    return os; 
}

程序清单11.12修改：

//usetime.cpp -- using the fourth draft of the Time class
// compile usetime.cpp and mytime.cpp together
#include <iostream>
#include "mytime.h"
int main()
{
    using std::cout;
    using std::endl;
    Time aida(3, 35);
    Time tosca(2, 48);
    Time temp;
    cout << "Aida and Tosca:\n";
    cout << aida<<"; " << tosca << endl;
    temp = aida + tosca;     // operator+()
    cout << "Aida + Tosca: " << temp << endl;
    temp = aida* 1.17;  // member operator*()
    cout << "Aida * 1.17: " << temp << endl;
    cout << "10.0 * Tosca: " << 10.0 * tosca << endl;
 std::cin.get();
    return 0; 
}

运行结果：

5.重新编写Stonewt类（程序清单11.16 和程序清单11.17 ），使它有一个状态成员，由该成员控制对象应转换为英石格式、整数磅格式（翻译的不合适，应该是磅数格式）还是浮点磅格式（多少stone, 多少pounds）。重载<<运算符，使它来替换show_stn()和show_lbs()方法。 重载加法、减法和乘法运算符，以便可以对Stonewt进行加、减、乘运算。编写一个使用所有类方法和友元的小程序，来测试这个类。
程序清单11.16修改：

// stonewt.h -- definition for the Stonewt class
#ifndef STONEWT_H_
#define STONEWT_H_
class Stonewt
{
private:
 enum Mode{STONE,POUND,FLOAT};
 Mode model;
 enum {Lbs_per_stn = 14};      // pounds per stone
    //浮点格式
 int stone;                    // whole stones
    double pds_left;              // fractional pounds
    //整数磅
 double pounds;                // entire weight in pounds
public:
    Stonewt(double lbs);          // constructor for double pounds
    Stonewt(int stn, double lbs); // constructor for stone, lbs
    Stonewt();                    // default constructor
    ~Stonewt();
 //重载加法、减法和乘法运算符
 Stonewt operator+(const Stonewt & s) const;
 Stonewt operator-(const Stonewt & s) const;
 Stonewt operator*(double n) const;
 void set_model_STONE();
 void set_model_POUND();
 void set_model_FLOAT();
    friend Stonewt operator*(double n ,const Stonewt & s)
 {
  return s * n;
 }
 friend std::ostream&
  operator<<(std::ostream & os,const Stonewt & s);
};
#endif

程序清单11.17修改：

// stonewt.cpp -- Stonewt methods
#include <iostream>
using std::cout;
#include "Stonewt.h"
// construct Stonewt object from double value
Stonewt::Stonewt(double lbs)
{
    stone = int (lbs) / Lbs_per_stn;    // integer division
    pds_left = int (lbs) % Lbs_per_stn + lbs - int(lbs);
    pounds = lbs;
 model = POUND;
}
// construct Stonewt object from stone, double values
Stonewt::Stonewt(int stn, double lbs)
{
    stone = stn;
    pds_left = lbs;
    pounds =  stn * Lbs_per_stn +lbs;
 model = FLOAT;
}
Stonewt::Stonewt()          // default constructor, wt = 0
{
    stone = pounds = pds_left = 0;
 model = STONE;
}
Stonewt::~Stonewt()         // destructor
{
}
void Stonewt::set_model_STONE()
{
 model = STONE;
}
void Stonewt::set_model_POUND()
{
 model = POUND;
}
void Stonewt::set_model_FLOAT()
{
 model = FLOAT;
}
Stonewt Stonewt::operator+(const Stonewt & s) const
{
 Stonewt temp;
 temp.pounds=pounds+s.pounds;
 temp.stone = temp.pounds / Lbs_per_stn;
 temp.pds_left=int(temp.pounds)%Lbs_per_stn + temp.pounds - int(temp.pounds);
 return temp;
}
Stonewt Stonewt::operator-(const Stonewt & s) const
{
 Stonewt temp;
 temp.pounds=pounds-s.pounds;
 temp.stone = temp.pounds / Lbs_per_stn;
 temp.pds_left=int(temp.pounds)%Lbs_per_stn + temp.pounds - int(temp.pounds);
 return temp;
}
Stonewt Stonewt::operator*(double n) const
{
 Stonewt temp;
 temp.pounds=pounds*n;
 temp.stone = temp.pounds / Lbs_per_stn;
 temp.pds_left=int(temp.pounds)%Lbs_per_stn + temp.pounds - int(temp.pounds);
 return temp;
}
std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & os,const Stonewt & s)
{
 if (s.model==Stonewt::STONE)
 {
  double stone = s.stone + s.pds_left / Stonewt::Lbs_per_stn;
  os<<stone<<" stones\n";
 }
 else if (s.model==Stonewt::POUND)
  os<<s.pounds<<" pounds\n";
 else
  os<<s.stone<<" stones, "<<s.pds_left<<" pounds\n";
 return os;
}

程序清单11.18修改：

// stone.cpp -- user-defined conversions
// compile with stonewt.cpp
#include <iostream>
using std::cout;
#include "stonewt.h"
void display(const Stonewt & st, int n);
int main()
{
    Stonewt incognito = 275; // uses constructor to initialize
    Stonewt wolfe(285.7);    // same as Stonewt wolfe = 285.7;
    Stonewt taft(21, 8);
    cout << "The incognito = 275 weighed ";
 incognito.set_model_POUND();
 cout<<incognito;
 incognito.set_model_STONE();
 cout<<incognito;
 incognito.set_model_FLOAT();
 cout<<incognito;
 cout << "The wolfe(285.7) weighed ";
 wolfe.set_model_POUND();
 cout<<wolfe;
 wolfe.set_model_STONE();
 cout<<wolfe;
 wolfe.set_model_FLOAT();
 cout<<wolfe;
 cout << "The taft(21, 8) weighed ";
 taft.set_model_POUND();
 cout<<taft;
 taft.set_model_STONE();
 cout<<taft;
 taft.set_model_FLOAT();
 cout<<taft;
 Stonewt sum=wolfe+taft;
 Stonewt diff=wolfe-taft;
 Stonewt product1=taft*2;
 Stonewt product2=2*taft;
 cout<<"SUM : "<<sum<<std::endl;
 cout<<"DIFF : "<<diff<<std::endl;
 cout<<"PRODUCT1 : "<<product1<<std::endl;
 cout<<"PRODUCT2 : "<<product2<<std::endl;
    std::cin.get();
    return 0;
}

运行结果：

6.重新编写Stonewt类（程序清单11.16 和程序清单11.17 ），重载全部6个关系运算符。
运算符对pounds成员进行比较，并返回一个bool值。编写一个程序，它声明一个包含6个Stonewt对象的数组，并在数组声明中初始化前3个对象。然后使用循环来读取用于设置剩余3个数组元素的值。接着报告最小的元素、最大的元素以及大于等于11英石的元素的数量（最简单的方法是创建一个Stonewt对象，并将其初始化为11英石，然后将其同其他对象进行比较）。
程序清单11.16修改：

// stonewt.h -- definition for the Stonewt class
#ifndef STONEWT_H_
#define STONEWT_H_
class Stonewt
{
private:
    enum {Lbs_per_stn = 14};      // pounds per stone
    int stone;                    // whole stones
    double pds_left;              // fractional pounds
    double pounds;                // entire weight in pounds
public:
    Stonewt(double lbs);          // constructor for double pounds
    Stonewt(int stn, double lbs); // constructor for stone, lbs
    Stonewt();                    // default constructor
    ~Stonewt();
 bool operator<(const Stonewt & s);
 bool operator<=(const Stonewt & s);
 bool operator>(const Stonewt & s);
 bool operator>=(const Stonewt & s);
 bool operator==(const Stonewt & s);
 bool operator!=(const Stonewt & s);
    void show_lbs() const;        // show weight in pounds format
    void show_stn() const;        // show weight in stone format
};
#endif

程序清单11.17修改:

// stonewt.cpp -- Stonewt methods
#include <iostream>
using std::cout;
#include "alter_Stonewt.h"
// construct Stonewt object from double value
Stonewt::Stonewt(double lbs)
{
    stone = int (lbs) / Lbs_per_stn;    // integer division
    pds_left = int (lbs) % Lbs_per_stn + lbs - int(lbs);
    pounds = lbs;
}
// construct Stonewt object from stone, double values
Stonewt::Stonewt(int stn, double lbs)
{
    stone = stn;
    pds_left = lbs;
    pounds =  stn * Lbs_per_stn +lbs;
}
Stonewt::Stonewt()          // default constructor, wt = 0
{
    stone = pounds = pds_left = 0;
}
Stonewt::~Stonewt()         // destructor
{
}
bool Stonewt:: operator<(const Stonewt & s)
{
 if(pounds<s.pounds)
  return true;
 else
  return false;
}
bool Stonewt:: operator<=(const Stonewt & s)
{
 if(pounds<=s.pounds)
  return true;
 else
  return false;
}
bool Stonewt:: operator>(const Stonewt & s)
{
 if(pounds>s.pounds)
  return true;
 else
  return false;
}
bool Stonewt:: operator>=(const Stonewt & s)
{
 if(pounds>=s.pounds)
  return true;
 else
  return false;
}
bool Stonewt:: operator==(const Stonewt & s)
{
 if(pounds==s.pounds)
  return true;
 else
  return false;
}
bool Stonewt:: operator!=(const Stonewt & s)
{
 if(pounds!=s.pounds)
  return true;
 else
  return false;
}
// show weight in stones
void Stonewt::show_stn() const
{
    cout << stone << " stone, " << pds_left << " pounds\n";
}
// show weight in pounds
void Stonewt::show_lbs() const
{
    cout << pounds << " pounds\n";
}

程序清单11.18

// stone.cpp -- user-defined conversions
// compile with stonewt.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include "alter_Stonewt.h"
int main()
{
    Stonewt array[6] = {275,Stonewt(285.7),Stonewt(21,8)};
 double input;
 Stonewt comparison_value = Stonewt(11,0);
 Stonewt max=array[0];
 Stonewt min=array[0];
 int sum=0;
 for (int i=3;i<6;i++)
 {
  cout<<"Enter the "<<i+1<<" pounds: ";
  cin>>input;
  array[i]=Stonewt(input);
  cin.get();
 }
 for (int i=1;i<6;i++)
 {
  if (max<array[i])
   max=array[i];
  if (min>array[i])
   min=array[i];
  if(array[i]>=comparison_value)
   sum++;
 }
 cout<<"MAX:\n";
 max.show_lbs();
 max.show_stn();
 cout<<"\nMIN:\n";
 min.show_lbs();
 min.show_stn();
 cout<<endl<<"There are "<<sum<<" exceed 11 stone.\n";
    cin.get();
    return 0;
}

运行结果：

7.操作复数的算术运算。
头文件：//–complex.h —A class that defines basic functions of plurals

//--complex.h ---A class that defines basic functions of plurals
#ifndef COMPLEX_H_
#define COMPLEX_H_
class complex0
{
private:
 double realpart;
 double imagpart;
public:
 complex0(double realnumber=0,double imagnumber=0);
 ~complex0();
 friend complex0 operator+(const complex0 & m,const complex0 & s);
 friend complex0 operator-(const complex0 & m,const complex0 & s);
 friend complex0 operator*(const complex0 & m,const complex0 & s);
 friend complex0 operator*(double x,const complex0 & s);
 friend complex0 operator~(const complex0 & s);
 friend std::istream & operator>>(std::istream & is, complex0 & s);
 friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & os ,const complex0 & s);
};
#endif

方法文件：//complex.cpp—method definitions for member functions

//complex.cpp---method definitions for member functions
#include<iostream>
#include"complex0.h"
using namespace std;
complex0::complex0(double realnumber,double imagnumber)
{
 realpart=realnumber;
 imagpart=imagnumber;
}
complex0::~complex0()
{
 cout<<"this is a destructor...\n";
}
complex0 operator+(const complex0 & m,const complex0 & s)
{
 complex0 temp;
 temp.realpart=m.realpart+s.realpart;
 temp.imagpart=m.imagpart+s.imagpart;
 return temp;
}
complex0 operator-(const complex0 & m,const complex0 & s)
{
 complex0 temp;
 temp.realpart=m.realpart-s.realpart;
 temp.imagpart=m.imagpart-s.imagpart;
 return temp;
}
complex0 operator*(const complex0 & m,const complex0 & s)
{
 complex0 temp;
 temp.realpart=m.realpart*s.realpart-m.imagpart*s.imagpart;
 temp.imagpart=m.realpart*s.imagpart+m.imagpart*s.realpart;
 return temp;
}
complex0 operator*(double x,const complex0 & s)
{
 complex0 temp;
 temp.realpart=x*s.realpart;
 temp.imagpart=x*s.imagpart;
 return temp;
}
complex0 operator~(const complex0 & s)
{
 complex0 temp;
 temp.realpart=s.realpart;
 temp.imagpart=-1*s.imagpart;
 return temp;
}
std::istream & operator>>(std::istream & is, complex0 & s)
{
 std::cout<<"realpart: ";
 is>>s.realpart;
 if(!is)
  return is;
 std::cout<<"imagpart: ";
 is>>s.imagpart;
 return is;
}
std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & os ,const complex0 & s)
{
 os<<"("<<s.realpart<<" , "<<s.imagpart<<"i)";
 return os;
}

测试文件：//usecomplex.cpp–exercises using plural classes

//usecomplex.cpp--exercises using plural classes
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
#include"complex0.h"
int main()
{
 complex0 a(3.0,4.0);
 complex0 c;
 cout<<"Enter a complex number (q to quit):\n";
 while (cin>>c)
 {
  cout<<"c is "<<c<<"\n";
  cout<<"complex conjugate is "<<~c<<'\n';
  cout<<"a is "<<a<<"\n";
  cout<<"a+c is "<<a+c<<"\n";
  cout<<"a-c is "<<a-c<<"\n";
  cout<<"a*c is "<<a*c<<"\n";
  cout<<"2*c is "<<2*c<<"\n";
  cout<<"Enter a complex number (q to quit):\n";
 }
 cout<<"Done!\n";
 cin.get();
 system("pause");
 return 0;
}

运行结果：