Python学习笔记——20170825

面向对象

type类型

import types
#
def fun():
    pass
#
print(type(fun) == types.FunctionType)
print(type(abs) == types.BuiltinFunctionType)
print(type(lambda x: x * x) == types.LambdaType)
print(type((x for x in range(0, 10))) == types.GeneratorType)

对象

• 定义一个对象

class Student(object):
    """
    学生类
    """

    def __init__(self, name, age, address):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.__address = address  # 私有属性

    def print_name(self):
        print(self.name)

    # 私有化
    def __good(self):
        print("good good study")

    def get_address(self):
        return self.__address

• 调用

stu = Student("张三", 18, "重庆渝北区")
#
name = stu.name
age = stu.age
#
print(name, age)
#
# 在外部定义属性
stu.gender = "man"
#
print(stu.gender)
#
# 调用方法
stu.print_name()
# stu1.__good()
print(stu.__class__)
print(stu.__doc__)
#
print(stu.get_address())

继承、多态

• 建立父类、子类

class Car(object):
    def run(self):
        print("---Car跑---")

    def whistle(self):
        print("滴！滴！滴！")
#
class Roadster(Car):
    def run(self):
        print("---Roadster飞速的跑---")

    def print_person(self):
        print("载4人")
#
class Bus(Car):
    def run(self):
        print("---Bus一般的跑---")

    def print_person(self):
        print("载20人")
#
car = Car()
car.run()
car.whistle()
#
roadster = Roadster()
roadster.run()
roadster.print_person()
roadster.whistle()
#
bus = Bus()
bus.run()
bus.print_person()
bus.whistle()

• 类型

print(type(bus))
print(isinstance(bus, Car))
#
def run_twice(car):
    car.run()
    car.run()
#
run_twice(roadster)
# dir() 获取对象的所有属性、方法
print(dir(bus))

• 多重继承

# 父类：动物、宠物
# 子类：狗
#
class Animal(object):
    def walk(self):
        print("动物走路")
#
class Pet(object):
    def like(self):
        print("让人喜欢")
#
class Dog(Animal, Pet):
    def call(self):
        print("汪汪汪")
#
lily = Dog()
lily.walk()
lily.like()
lily.call()

函数操作对象的状态

• 创建类

class Person(object):
    def __init__(self, age):
        self.age = age

    def add_age(self, num):
        self.age += num
#
xiaoming = Person(18)

• 修改类属性

# 方法1
setattr(xiaoming, "x", 10)
print(getattr(xiaoming, "x"))
print(getattr(xiaoming, "q", 404))  # 如果没有，返回默认值404
print(hasattr(xiaoming, "add_age"))  # 是否含有
#
# 方法2
xiaoming.y = 20
print(xiaoming.y)
#
print(dir(xiaoming))

• 设置函数、返回函数

def hello():
    print("你好！")
#
setattr(xiaoming, "ni", hello)
nihao = getattr(xiaoming, "ni")
nihao()
#
print(dir(xiaoming))

函数内的方法

• slots 变量来限制实例添加属性

class Student(object):
    __slots__ = ("address", "school")  # 只能添加这里名称的属性
#
tom = Student()
# tom.name = "tom"  #报错
tom.address = "重庆渝北区"
tom.school = "江北区小小小学"
print(tom.address, tom.school)

• iter 返回一个迭代对象

class Fibo(object):
    """
    斐波那契数列
    """

    def __init__(self):
        self.a, self.b = 0, 1

    def __iter__(self):
        return self

    def __next__(self):
        self.a, self.b = self.b, self.a + self.b
        if self.a > 30:
            raise StopIteration()
        return self.a
#
for i in Fibo():
    print(i)

• getitem

class Fibo2(object):
    def __getitem__(self, item):
        a, b = 1, 1
        for i in range(item):
            a, b = b, a + b
        return a
#
numbers = Fibo2()
print(numbers[5])

• call

class Student(object):
    def __init__(self, age):
        self.age = age

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        print("__call__ age=" + str(self.age))
#
tom = Student(18)
tom()

• @property

class Student(object):
    @property
    def get_score(self):
        return self.__score

    @get_score.setter
    def set_score(self, score):
        if not isinstance(score, (int, float)):
            raise TypeError("score必须是int或float")
        if score < 0 or score > 150:
            raise ValueError("score值必须在0-150中")
        self.__score = score

    @property
    def get_birth(self):
        return self.__birth

    @get_birth.setter
    def set_birth(self, value):
        self.__birth = value

    @property
    def age(self):
        return 2017 - self.__birth
#
jerry = Student()
jerry.set_score = 100
score = jerry.get_score
print(score)
#
jerry.set_birth = 1994
print(jerry.age)

枚举

from enum import Enum, unique
#
Month = Enum("Month", ("一月", "二月", "三月", "四月"))
#
for i, name in Month._member_map_.items():
    print(i, name, name.value)
#
#
@unique  # 加上@unique后，值不能重复
class WeekDay(Enum):
    Sun = 0
    Mon = 1
    Tue = 2
    Wed = 3
    # Test = 2
#
day = WeekDay.Mon
print(day)
print(WeekDay.Tue)
print(WeekDay(1))
print(WeekDay.Tue.value)