文章目录
OkHttp是一款优秀的HTTP客户端框架,OkHttp3是OkHttp发展到版本3.0之后的名字。
简介
OkHttp是一个高效的HTTP客户端,他有如下特性:
- 对 HTTP/2 和 SPDY 的支持:使得对同一个主机发出的所有请求都可以共享同一个套接字连接;若HTTP/2 和 SPDY 不可用,OkHttp会使用连接池来复用连接以提高效率;
- 透明的GZIP压缩,以降低传输内容的大小;
- HTTP 响应的缓存机制,可以避免不必要的网络请求;
当网络出现问题时,OkHttp会自动恢复一般的连接问题;若服务有多个IP地址,当第一个IP请求失败时,OkHttp会交替尝试你配置的其他IP。
OkHttp采用流式构造接口,方便调用;同时支持同步与异步方式调用。
依赖包
要使用OkHttp,需要先在pom.xml中引入依赖包;okhttp3是使用kotlin实现的,所以对应包也需要引入:
<!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/com.squareup.okhttp3/okhttp -->
<dependency>
<groupId>com.squareup.okhttp3</groupId>
<artifactId>okhttp</artifactId>
<version>4.9.1</version>
</dependency>
<!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.jetbrains.kotlin/kotlin-stdlib -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.jetbrains.kotlin</groupId>
<artifactId>kotlin-stdlib</artifactId>
<version>1.5.0</version>
</dependency>
创建OkHttpClient
通过共享的响应缓存/线程池/复用的连接等,绝大多数应用只需一个OkHttpClient实例,便可以满足整个应用的所有Http请求。
OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
OkHttpClient httpClient = new OkHttpClient.Builder()
.connectTimeout(60, TimeUnit.SECONDS) // default 10s
.writeTimeout(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS) // default 10s
.readTimeout(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS) // default 10s
.build();
OkHttpClient anotherClient = client.newBuilder().build();
构造Url
通过HttpUrl.Builder可方便地构造Url:
- addPathSegment:添加路径;
- addQueryParameter:添加请求参数,允许重复;
- setQueryParameter:设定请求参数,覆盖重复;
- username、password:添加用户名、密码;
public static HttpUrl buildUrl(String url, Map<String, String> queryParam) {
HttpUrl.Builder builder = HttpUrl.parse(url).newBuilder();
queryParam.forEach((k, v) -> {
builder.addQueryParameter(k, v);
});
return builder.build();
}
构造完整Url的流程:
HttpUrl.Builder builder = new HttpUrl.Builder()
.host("127.0.0.1")
.port(8001)
.addPathSegment("seg1")
.addPathSegment("path2")
.username("user")
.password("pass")
.scheme("https")
.addQueryParameter("k1", "v1")
.addQueryParameter("k1", "v2")
.setQueryParameter("uk", "v1")
.setQueryParameter("uk", "v2");
HttpUrl http = builder.build();
System.out.println(http.toString());
// https://user:pass@127.0.0.1:8001/seg1/path2?k1=v1&k1=v2&uk=v2
Header头设定
HTTP头(可参见请求头大全)是 Map<String, List<String>>
类型。也就是说,对于每个 HTTP 头,可能有多个值;但是大部分 HTTP 头都只有一个值。
OkHttp中通过Request构造时添加:
header(name,value)
:设置HTTP头的唯一值,若请求已经存在则替换掉。addHeader(name,value)
:添加新值,若请求头中已经存在此name还会继续添加(此时,请求头中便会存在多个name相同而value不同的“键值对”)。header(name)
:读取唯一值或多个值的最后一个值headers(name)
:获取所有值
构造Request时,必须设定Url,默认是GET模式:
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("http://127.0.0.1")
.addHeader("h1", "v1")
.addHeader("h1", "v2")
.header("uh", "v1")
.header("uh", "v2")
.build();
System.out.println(request.toString());
// Request{method=GET, url=http://127.0.0.1/, headers=[h1:v1, h1:v2, uh:v2]}
请求示例
使用OkHttp,需要:
- 构造OkHttpClient对象;
- 构造Request对象;
- 构造Call对象;
- 发起请求:execute同步;enqueue异步;
- 返回Response:不可修改的Http相应对象。
Get请求
Request默认就是Get请求,所以构造时可以省略Get;Get请求参数通过queryParameter添加。
同步Get
以请求百度为例,通过newCall会同步调用,其返回内容可通过body来获取;
private static void getSync() throws IOException {
String url = "http://wwww.baidu.com";
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url(url) // 可以字符串,也可以是HttpUrl
.build();
Call call = httpClient.newCall(request);
Response resp = call.execute();
if (resp.code() == 200) {
System.out.println("Response: " + resp.body().string());
} else {
// Error handle
System.out.println("Code:" + resp.code() + ", Msg:" + resp.message());
}
}
异步Get
通过enqueue,可提交异步请求;请求的应答通过回调Callback返回。
private static void getAsync() {
HttpUrl url = buildUrl("http://127.0.0.1:7087/study/test/testEvent",
new HashMap<String, String>(){{
put("msg", "Test Msg event");
}});
// http://127.0.0.1:7087/study/test/testEvent?msg=Test%20Msg%20event
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url(url)
.get() //默认就是GET请求,可以不写
.build();
Call call = httpClient.newCall(request);
call.enqueue(new Callback() {
@Override
public void onFailure(Call call, IOException e) {
System.out.println("Fail: " + e.getMessage());
}
@Override
public void onResponse(Call call, Response resp) throws IOException {
System.out.println("onResponse: " + resp.body().string());
}
});
}
Post请求
Request中通过Post来标识Post请求,并设定Post的Body内容。
Json内容
Json是常用的序列化方式,只需把要传递的对象序列化为Json字符串,然后以字符串Body的方式传递到服务端。
private static void postJsonBody() throws IOException {
MediaType mediaType = MediaType.parse("application/json;charset=UTF-8");
RequestBody reqBody = RequestBody.create("msg for test", mediaType);
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("http://127.0.0.1:7087/study/test/postMsg")
.post(reqBody)
.build();
Response resp = httpClient.newCall(request).execute();
System.out.println("Response: " + resp.body().string());
}
Form表单
Form表单都是以键值对的方式传递内容到服务端的,通过FormBody可方便地构造。
private static void postFormBody() throws IOException {
RequestBody reqBody = new FormBody.Builder()
.add("msg", "form test")
.add("others", "other params")
.build();
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("http://127.0.0.1:7087/study/test/formMsg")
.post(reqBody)
.build();
Response resp = httpClient.newCall(request).execute();
System.out.println("Response: " + resp.body().string());
}
文件上传
上传文件时,使用MultipartBody,并可通过MediaType来设定媒体类型:
private static void uploadOneFile() throws IOException {
File file = new File("D:\\tmp\\Python-learning.md");
MediaType mediaType = MediaType.parse("application/octet-stream"); //设置类型为八位字节流
RequestBody reqBody = RequestBody.create(file, mediaType);
MultipartBody multiBody = new MultipartBody.Builder()
.setType(MultipartBody.FORM)
.addFormDataPart("id", "0") // for test
.addFormDataPart("file", file.getName(), reqBody)
.build();
Request request = new Request.Builder()
// .header("Authorization", "Bearer ****************") //添加请求头的身份认证Token
.url("http://127.0.0.1:7087/study/test/uploadFile")
.post(multiBody)
.build();
Response resp = httpClient.newCall(request).execute();
System.out.println("Response: " + resp.body().string());
}
要上传多个文件,就需要构造多份文件相关的RequestBody,然后依次添加到MultipartBody中:
private static void uploadMultiFile() throws IOException {
List<String> lstFile = Lists.newArrayList("D:\\tmp\\Python-learning.md", "D:\\tmp\\WebRTC-Learning.md");
MediaType mediaType = MediaType.parse("application/octet-stream"); //设置类型为八位字节流
MultipartBody.Builder multiBody = new MultipartBody.Builder()
.setType(MultipartBody.FORM);
for(String f : lstFile){
File file = new File(f);
RequestBody fileBody = RequestBody.create(file, mediaType);
multiBody.addFormDataPart("file", file.getName(), fileBody);
}
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("http://127.0.0.1:7087/study/test/uploadMultiFile")
.post(multiBody.build())
.build();
Response resp = httpClient.newCall(request).execute();
System.out.println("Response: " + resp.body().string());
}
Put请求
Put与Post类似,只是Request时用Put标识。
Json内容
以传递Json格式的Body为例:
MediaType mediaType = MediaType.parse("application/json;charset=UTF-8");
RequestBody reqBody = RequestBody.create("{\"page\":0,\"query\":\"info to query\",\"size\":0}", mediaType);
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("http://127.0.0.1:7087/study/test/testPut")
.put(reqBody)
.build();
Response resp = httpClient.newCall(request).execute();
System.out.println("Response: " + resp.body().string());
参数方式
通过参数来传递请求的内容;但是Put要求必须传递Body,此时可构造一个空Body:
HttpUrl url = buildUrl("http://127.0.0.1:7087/study/test/paramPut",
new HashMap<String, String>() {{
put("msg", "Test Msg event");
put("others", "other params");
}});
RequestBody reqBody = RequestBody.create(new byte[]{}, null);
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url(url)
.put(reqBody)
.build();
Response resp = httpClient.newCall(request).execute();
System.out.println("Response: " + resp.body().string());
Delete请求
Request中通过Delete来标识请求,默认是通过参数方式的,也可通过RequestBody来传递。
HttpUrl url = buildUrl("http://127.0.0.1:7087/study/test/testDelete",
new HashMap<String, String>() {{
put("id", "delId");
}});
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url(url)
.delete()
.build();
Response resp = httpClient.newCall(request).execute();
System.out.println("Response: " + resp.body().string());