c++循环

for

for(init_expr; test_expr; update_expr)
1. init_expr：使用C++的风格，只能初始化同一类型的一个或多个变量,使用C风格的初始化方式可以初始化多个类型的变量
2. test_expr:通常是一个逻辑表达式，但是可以是任何的表达式。不过如果表达式是非逻辑表达式，系统会认为表达式返回true
for循环会进入死循环。如果要插入多个表达式，中间用逗号分隔，系统会用最后一个表达式的值做为整个test_expr的返回值。
3. update_expr:通常会为变量递增或递减，但是可以是任何的表达式，多个表达式之间用逗号分隔。
4. 三部分都可以没有表达式，但分号必须要加上

	int m;
    for(int i = 0; cout << "hello world" << endl,i<3;i++,cout << "xyz" << endl,cin >>m)
    {
        cout << i << endl;
    }
    for(;false;)
    {
        
    }

for-in

vector<int>  codes{100,200,300};
    for(auto code:codes)
    {
        cout << code << " ";
    }

while

	string s = "hello world";
    // <>
    unsigned long size = s.size();
    int i = -1;
    while(cout << "x" << endl,(++i) < size)
    {
        if(s[i] != ' ')
        {
            cout << "<" << s[i] << ">";
        }
        else
        {
            cout << s[i];
        }
        //i++;  // 最好先编写控制变量值的代码
    }
    cout << endl;
    
    string ss = "I love you";
    auto p = begin(ss) - 1;
    auto endP = end(ss);
    while((++p) != endP)
    {
        if(*p != ' ')
        {
            cout << "<" << *p << ">";
        }
        else
        {
            cout << *p;
        }
       // p++;
    }
    cout << endl;

do…while

string s = "hello world";
    unsigned long size = s.size();
    int i = 0;
    do
    {
        if(s[i] != ' ')
        {
            cout << "<" << s[i] << ">";
        }
        else
        {
            cout << s[i];
        }
        //i++;
    }
    while(cout << "abc" << endl,(++i) < size);
    cout << endl;
    
    string ss = "I love you";
    auto p = begin(ss);
    auto endP = end(ss);
    do
    {
        if(*p != ' ')
        {
            cout << "<" << *p << ">";
        }
        else
        {
            cout << *p;
        }
      //  p++;
    }
    while((++p) != endP);
    cout << endl;

集合与指针

    //  集合与指针（begin&&end)
    int arr_int[5]{1,2,3,4,5};
    //  通过指针对数组进行循环
    int *endP = arr_int + sizeof(arr_int)/sizeof(int);
    for(int *p = arr_int; p != endP;p++)
    {
        cout << *p << endl;
    }
    
    for(auto p = begin(arr_int); p != end(arr_int);p++)
    {
         cout << *p << endl;
    }
    
    // vector、array
    vector<int> codes = {200,300,400};
    
   // for(auto p = codes.begin(); p != end(codes);p++)
    for(auto p = begin(codes); p != end(codes);p++)
    {
         cout << *p << endl;
    }
    
    array<int, 3>  arr_codes{123,456,789};
    
    //for(auto p = arr_codes.begin();p!=arr_codes.end();p++)
    for(auto p = begin(arr_codes);p!=end(arr_codes);p++)
    {
        cout << *p << endl;
    }

break、 continue

break：跳出循环
continue： 跳出当前循环，即当前循环条件内，continue后剩余语句不执行，直接执行下一次循环

自增、自减、组合操作运算符

	int m = 20;
    int n = 30;
    cout << "m = " << m <<endl;
    cout << "m++ = " << m++ << endl;
    cout << "m = " << m <<endl;
    
    cout << "n = " << n << endl;
    cout << "++n = " << ++n << endl;
    cout << "n = " << n << endl;
    
    int a = 40;
    cout << "a = " << a << endl;
    cout << "a-- = " << a-- << endl;
    cout << "--a = " << --a << endl;
    
    int x = 10;
    /*
     2 * x++ = 20   x = 11
     2 + --x = 12
     */
    x = 2 * x++ *(2 + --x);   //  并不建议在表达式中过多地使用++和--

	long codes[] = {1,2,3};
    long *pCodes = codes;
//    pCodes = pCodes + 1;
    cout << *pCodes << endl;
    cout << pCodes << endl;
    pCodes++;
    cout << *pCodes << endl;
    cout << pCodes << endl;
    
    /*
     0x7fff5fbffabc    bc+1 = bd + 1 = be + 1 = bf + 1 = c0
     0x7fff5fbffac0   int为4个字节，地址加4
     */
     

 	/*
     a = a + 4;  a += 4;
     +=、-=、*=、/=、%=
     */
    
    int y = 10;
    //y = y + 20;
    y *= 20;

goto与循环

goto语句
1.  跳出深层循环

	int intArray[3][4] = {{1,2,3,4},{5,6,7,8},{9,10,11,12}};
    int colSize = sizeof(intArray[0])/sizeof(int);
    int rowSize = sizeof(intArray)/sizeof(int)/colSize;
    
    cout << colSize << endl;
    cout << rowSize << endl;
    
    // 第1层循环对行进行循环
    for(int i = 0; i < rowSize;i++)
    {
        // label:  //  容易引起死循环
        //  第2层循环对列进行循环
        for(int j = 0; j < colSize;j++)
        {
            if(j == 2)
            {
                goto label;
                //break;
            }
            cout << intArray[i][j] << " ";
        }
    label:
        cout << endl;
    }

2.  实现循环（与汇编的实现方法类似）

// 用goto语句实现循环
    int i = 0;
loop:
    cout << i << endl;
    i++;
    if(i < 10)
        goto loop;
    for(int i =0; i < 10;i++)
    {
        cout << i << endl;
    }```