Exact Differential Equations

最新推荐文章于 2024-11-26 23:41:39 发布

anArkitek

最新推荐文章于 2024-11-26 23:41:39 发布

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When we have a function
$M (x, y) + N (x, y) y^{'} = 0$

If we take the derivative $M_y$ and $N_x$ , and they are equal:
$M_y(x,y) = N_x(x,y)$

So $\exist$ function $f$ satisfying
$f_x(x,y) = M(x,y); f_y(x,y) = N(x,y)$

Note: Each of the functions and direvatives $M, N, M_y, N_x$ has to be continuous on a connected region.

(EX): Solve $\cos x + 2xe^y) + (\sin x + x^2 e^y - 1) y' = 0$

Solution: Because
$\begin{aligned} M_y &= \cos x + 2xe^y \\ N_x &= \cos x + 2xe^y \\ M_y &= N_x \end{aligned}$

This is an exact function.

then we need to solve
$\begin{aligned} f_x(x,y) &= y \cos x + 2xe^y \longrightarrow f(x,y) = y\sin x + x^2e^y + h(y) \longrightarrow f_y(x,y) = \sin x + x^2 e^y + h'(y) \\ f_y(x, y) &= \sin x + x^2e^y - 1 \\ \end{aligned}$

then we can get $h (y) = - y$

So our final solution is $y\sin x + x^2 e^y -y = c$

Proof:

Assume we have $\psi(x,y) = \psi(x,y(x))$

$\frac{\partial}{\partial x} \psi(x,y) = \frac{\partial \psi}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial \psi}{\partial y}\frac{dy}{dx}$

$\begin{aligned} \psi &= f_1(x)g_1(y) + ... + f_n(x) g_n(y) \\ \frac{d\psi}{dx} &= f_1'(x)g_1(y) + f_1(x) g_1'(y) \frac{dy}{dx} + ... + f_n'(x)g_n(y) + f_n(x)g_n'(y)\frac{dy}{dx} \\ &= [f_1'(x)g_1(y) + ... + f_n'(x)g_n(x)] + [f_1(x)g_1'(y) + ... + f_n(x) g_n'(y)]\frac{dy}{dx}\\ &= \frac{\partial \psi}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial \psi}{\partial y}\frac{dy}{dx} \end{aligned}$

Compare $\frac{\partial \psi}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial \psi}{\partial y}\frac{dy}{dx}$ and $N(x,y)\frac{dy}{dx}$ , they look very similar. Therefore it’s reasonable to set $\frac{\partial \psi}{\partial x}, N(x,y) = \frac{\partial \psi}{\partial y}$ .