记录贴：pytorch学习Part3

记录贴：pytorch学习Part3

一、激活函数、损失函数

#激活函数
a = torch.linspace(-100,100,10)
torch.sigmoid(a)

二、求梯度

#损失函数
from torch.nn import functional as F
x = torch.ones(1)#x为输入
w = torch.full([1],2.)#w为网络权重
w.requires_grad_()#需要对w求权重
mse = F.mse_loss(torch.ones(1),x*w)#后面必须包含w的信息，否则求出来的只是误差
#方式一
mse.backward()
#方式二
torch.autograd.grad(mse,[w])#第一个参数是mse(目标函数，需要将loss降为最低)，第二个参数为需要求梯度的对象

三、单层感知机

x = torch.randn(1,10)
w = torch.randn(1,10,requires_grad=True)
o = torch.sigmoid(x@w.t())
loss = F.mse_loss(torch.ones(1,1),o)
loss.backward()
w.grad

四、多层感知机

x = torch.randn(1,10)
w = torch.randn(2,10,requires_grad=True)
o = torch.sigmoid(x@w.t())
loss = F.mse_loss(torch.ones(1,1),o)
loss.backward()

五、链式法则

from torch import autograd
x = torch.tensor(1.)
w1 = torch.tensor(2.,requires_grad=True)
b1 = torch.tensor(1.)
w2 = torch.tensor(2.,requires_grad=True)
b2 = torch.tensor(1.)
y1 = x*w1 + b1
y2 = y1*w2 +b2
#方式1
dy2_dy1 = autograd.grad(y2,[y1],retain_graph=True)[0]
dy1_dw1 = autograd.grad(y1,[w1],retain_graph=True)[0]
#方式2
dy2_dw1 = autograd.grad(y2,[w1],retain_graph=True)[0]

六、优化实例——找出极值

def himmelblau(x):
    return (x[0] **2 + x[1] -11) ** 2 +(x[0] + x[1] **2 -7) ** 2
x = torch.tensor([0.,0.],requires_grad=True)
optimizer = torch.optim.Adam([x],lr=1e-3)
for step in range(20000):
    pred = himmelblau(x)
    optimizer.zero_grad()
    pred.backward()
    optimizer.step()
    
    if step % 2000 ==0:
        print('step{}:x={},f(x)={}'
             .format(step,x.tolist(),pred.item()))

七、手写数字分类

import torch
import torch.optim as optim
from torch.nn import functional as F
import torch.nn as nn
import torchvision

w1,b1 = torch.randn(200,784,requires_grad=True),torch.zeros(200,requires_grad=True)
w2,b2 = torch.randn(200,200,requires_grad=True),torch.zeros(200,requires_grad=True)
w3,b3 = torch.randn(10,200,requires_grad=True),torch.zeros(10,requires_grad=True)

torch.nn.init.kaiming_normal_(w1)#标准化
torch.nn.init.kaiming_normal_(w2)
torch.nn.init.kaiming_normal_(w3)
#定义前向网络
def forward(x):
    x = x@w1.t() + b1
    x = F.relu(x)
    x = x@w2.t() + b2
    x = F.relu(x)
    x = x@w3.t() + b3
    x = F.relu(x)
    return x
learning_rate = 0.01
optimizer = optim.SGD([w1,b1,w2,b2,w3,b3],lr = learning_rate)#设置优化器
criteon = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()#计算残差

for epoch in range(epochs):
    for batch_idx,(data,target) in enumerate(train_loader):
        data = data.view(-1,28*28)
        logits = forward(data)
        loss = criteon(logits,target)
        optimizer.zero_grad()#将梯度信息清零
        loss.backward()
        optimizer.step()#更新模型参数
        
        if batch_idx % 100 == 0:
            print('Train Epoch: {} [{}/{} ({:.0f}%)]\tLoss: {:.6f}'.format(
                            epoch, batch_idx * len(data), len(train_loader.dataset),
                                   100. * batch_idx / len(train_loader), loss.item()))
    
    test_loss = 0
    correct = 0
    for data, target in test_loader:
        data = data.view(-1, 28 * 28)
        logits = forward(data)
        test_loss += criteon(logits, target).item()

        pred = logits.data.max(1)[1]
        correct += pred.eq(target.data).sum()

    test_loss /= len(test_loader.dataset)
    print('\nTest set: Average loss: {:.4f}, Accuracy: {}/{} ({:.0f}%)\n'.format(
        test_loss, correct, len(test_loader.dataset),
        100. * correct / len(test_loader.dataset)))

八、其他组件

1、线性层、dropout与激活函数

class MLP(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super(MLP,self).__init__()
        self.model = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Linear(784,200),
            nn.Dropout(0.5),
            nn.LeakyReLU(inplace = True),
            nn.Linear(200,200),
            nn.Dropout(0.5),
            nn.LeakyReLU(inplace = True),
            nn.Linear(200,10),
            nn.LeakyReLU(inplace = True)
        )
        
    def forward(self,x):
        x = self.model(x)
        
        return x

2、GPU加速、动量与正则化

device = torch.device('cuda:0')
net = MLP().to(device)
optimizer = optim.SGD(net.parameters(),lr = learning_rate,momentum=momentum,weight_decay = 0.01)#net.parameters()模型需要训练的参数、L2正则化
criteon = nn.CrossEntropyLoss().to(device)
#L1正则化
regularization_loss = 0

for param in model.parameters():
    regularization_loss += torch.sum(torch.abs(param))

classify_loss = criteon(logits,target)
loss = classify_loss + 0.01 * regularization_loss

optimizer.zero_grad()
loss.backward()
optimizer.step()

3、学习率调整

#方式1、如果loss在3个epoch后不下降的话则将学习率缩小10倍。
schedule = ReduceLROnPlateau(optimizer,'min'，factor=0.1,patience)
#方式2、以固定间隔成倍衰减初始学习率
scheduler = StepLR(optimizer,step_size = 30,gamma = 0.1)