Java访问数据库入门

       Hibernate是在JDBC之上封装了一层便捷性操作的轻量型框架，各有所长。操作便捷性来说当然是Hibernate，但是在JDBC的基础上封装导致了他在扩展性方面有所欠缺。关键看项目的要求，合适才是做好的。下图简单介绍了Hibernate和JDBC操作数据库的流程图。

      Java中的java.sql包提供了JDBC常用的接口和类，主要有：

• DriverManager：驱动管理器，负责创建数据库连接；
• Connection：数据库连接；
• Statement：负责执行SQL语句；
• preparedStatement：负责执行SQL语句，具有预定义SQl语句的功能；
• ResultSet：表示SQL查询语句的查询结果集；

      Hibernate的核心接口：

• Configuration接口：配置并启动Hibernate，创建SessionFactory对象；
• SessionFactory接口：初始化Hibernate，充当数据存储源的代理，创建Session对象；
• Session接口：负责保存、更新、删除、加载和查询对象；
• Transaction：管理事务；
• Query和Criteria接口：执行数据库查询；

Hibernate操作数据库的主要步骤：

1、新建Web工程；

2、添加Hibernate Jar包，添加数据库驱动Jar包；

3、创建数据表和对象的实体类；

4、配置hibernate.cfg.xml文件，连接数据库

5、配置实体类和数据表的映射关系（可通过XML配置文件，也可通过注解方式）；

6、创建SessionFactory工厂类

7、获取Session，进行增删改查操作。

下面以实例说明，例子中就给出主要部分的源码。

Hibernate连接数据的配置文件hibernate.cfg.xml

<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-configuration PUBLIC
          "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Configuration DTD 3.0//EN"
          "http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-configuration-3.0.dtd">
<!-- Generated by MyEclipse Hibernate Tools.                   -->
<hibernate-configuration>

<session-factory>
	<property name="myeclipse.connection.profile">
		oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver
	</property>
	<property name="connection.url">
		jdbc:oracle:thin:@192.168.1.26:1521:orcl
	</property>
	<property name="connection.username">test</property>
	<property name="connection.password">123456</property>
	<property name="connection.driver_class">
		oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver
	</property>
	<property name="dialect">
		org.hibernate.dialect.Oracle9Dialect
	</property>
	<property name="show_sql">true</property>
	<mapping class="bean.CsTUser" />

</session-factory>

</hibernate-configuration>

1、HibernateSessionFactory通过工厂模式实例化SessionFactory，提供了静态方法getSession来获取Session。

package service;

import org.hibernate.HibernateException;
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration;
import org.hibernate.service.ServiceRegistry;
import org.hibernate.service.ServiceRegistryBuilder;

/**
 * Configures and provides access to Hibernate sessions, tied to the
 * current thread of execution.  Follows the Thread Local Session
 * pattern, see {@link http://hibernate.org/42.html }.
 */
public class HibernateSessionFactory {

    /** 
     * Location of hibernate.cfg.xml file.
     * Location should be on the classpath as Hibernate uses  
     * #resourceAsStream style lookup for its configuration file. 
     * The default classpath location of the hibernate config file is 
     * in the default package. Use #setConfigFile() to update 
     * the location of the configuration file for the current session.   
     */
	private static final ThreadLocal<Session> threadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Session>();
    private static org.hibernate.SessionFactory sessionFactory;
	
    private static Configuration configuration = new Configuration();
    private static ServiceRegistry serviceRegistry; 

	static {
    	try {
			configuration.configure();
			serviceRegistry = new ServiceRegistryBuilder().applySettings(configuration.getProperties()).buildServiceRegistry();
			sessionFactory = configuration.buildSessionFactory(serviceRegistry);
		} catch (Exception e) {
			System.err.println("%%%% Error Creating SessionFactory %%%%");
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
    }
    private HibernateSessionFactory() {
    }
	
	/**
     * Returns the ThreadLocal Session instance.  Lazy initialize
     * the <code>SessionFactory</code> if needed.
     *
     *  @return Session
     *  @throws HibernateException
     */
    public static Session getSession() throws HibernateException {
        Session session = (Session) threadLocal.get();

		if (session == null || !session.isOpen()) {
			if (sessionFactory == null) {
				rebuildSessionFactory();
			}
			session = (sessionFactory != null) ? sessionFactory.openSession()
					: null;
			threadLocal.set(session);
		}

        return session;
    }

	/**
     *  Rebuild hibernate session factory
     *
     */
	public static void rebuildSessionFactory() {
		try {
			configuration.configure();
			serviceRegistry = new ServiceRegistryBuilder().applySettings(configuration.getProperties()).buildServiceRegistry();
			sessionFactory = configuration.buildSessionFactory(serviceRegistry);
		} catch (Exception e) {
			System.err.println("%%%% Error Creating SessionFactory %%%%");
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
	}

	/**
     *  Close the single hibernate session instance.
     *
     *  @throws HibernateException
     */
    public static void closeSession() throws HibernateException {
        Session session = (Session) threadLocal.get();
        threadLocal.set(null);

        if (session != null) {
            session.close();
        }
    }

	/**
     *  return session factory
     *
     */
	public static org.hibernate.SessionFactory getSessionFactory() {
		return sessionFactory;
	}
	/**
     *  return hibernate configuration
     *
     */
	public static Configuration getConfiguration() {
		return configuration;
	}

}

2、实体类（数据库中要创建相应的数据表，通过注解的方式实现对象关系映射）

package bean;

import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.util.Date;
import javax.persistence.Column;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.Table;
import javax.persistence.Temporal;
import javax.persistence.TemporalType;

/**
 * CsTUser entity. @author MyEclipse Persistence Tools
 */
@Entity
@Table(name = "CS_T_USER", schema = "ELEVATOR_TEST")
public class CsTUser implements java.io.Serializable {

	// Fields

	private int FUserId;
	private String FVarUsername;
	private String FVarPassword;
	private String FVarName;
	private String FVarPhone;
	private String FVarAddress;
	private String FVarEmail;
	private String FVarSex;
	private String FVarZt;
	private Date FDtLoadtime;

	// Constructors

	/** default constructor */
	public CsTUser() {
	}

	/** minimal constructor */
	public CsTUser(String FVarUsername, String FVarPassword) {
		this.FVarUsername = FVarUsername;
		this.FVarPassword = FVarPassword;
	}

	/** full constructor */
	public CsTUser(String FVarUsername, String FVarPassword, String FVarName,
			String FVarPhone, String FVarAddress, String FVarEmail,
			String FVarSex, String FVarZt, Date FDtLoadtime) {
		this.FVarUsername = FVarUsername;
		this.FVarPassword = FVarPassword;
		this.FVarName = FVarName;
		this.FVarPhone = FVarPhone;
		this.FVarAddress = FVarAddress;
		this.FVarEmail = FVarEmail;
		this.FVarSex = FVarSex;
		this.FVarZt = FVarZt;
		this.FDtLoadtime = FDtLoadtime;
	}

	// Property accessors
	@Id
	@GeneratedValue
	@Column(name = "F_USER_ID", unique = true, nullable = false, precision = 22, scale = 0)
	public int getFUserId() {
		return this.FUserId;
	}

	public void setFUserId(int i) {
		this.FUserId = i;
	}

	@Column(name = "F_VAR_USERNAME", nullable = false, length = 50)
	public String getFVarUsername() {
		return this.FVarUsername;
	}

	public void setFVarUsername(String FVarUsername) {
		this.FVarUsername = FVarUsername;
	}

	@Column(name = "F_VAR_PASSWORD", nullable = false, length = 50)
	public String getFVarPassword() {
		return this.FVarPassword;
	}

	public void setFVarPassword(String FVarPassword) {
		this.FVarPassword = FVarPassword;
	}

	@Column(name = "F_VAR_NAME", length = 50)
	public String getFVarName() {
		return this.FVarName;
	}

	public void setFVarName(String FVarName) {
		this.FVarName = FVarName;
	}

	@Column(name = "F_VAR_PHONE", length = 50)
	public String getFVarPhone() {
		return this.FVarPhone;
	}

	public void setFVarPhone(String FVarPhone) {
		this.FVarPhone = FVarPhone;
	}

	@Column(name = "F_VAR_ADDRESS", length = 50)
	public String getFVarAddress() {
		return this.FVarAddress;
	}

	public void setFVarAddress(String FVarAddress) {
		this.FVarAddress = FVarAddress;
	}

	@Column(name = "F_VAR_EMAIL", length = 40)
	public String getFVarEmail() {
		return this.FVarEmail;
	}

	public void setFVarEmail(String FVarEmail) {
		this.FVarEmail = FVarEmail;
	}

	@Column(name = "F_VAR_SEX", length = 10)
	public String getFVarSex() {
		return this.FVarSex;
	}

	public void setFVarSex(String FVarSex) {
		this.FVarSex = FVarSex;
	}

	@Column(name = "F_VAR_ZT", length = 5)
	public String getFVarZt() {
		return this.FVarZt;
	}

	public void setFVarZt(String FVarZt) {
		this.FVarZt = FVarZt;
	}

	@Temporal(TemporalType.DATE)
	@Column(name = "F_DT_LOADTIME", length = 7)
	public Date getFDtLoadtime() {
		return this.FDtLoadtime;
	}

	public void setFDtLoadtime(Date FDtLoadtime) {
		this.FDtLoadtime = FDtLoadtime;
	}

}

3、测试单元，简单实现Hibernate的Query。

package dao;

import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;

import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;



import bean.CsTUser;
import service.HibernateSessionFactory;

public class Testhibernate {

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		SessionFactory sessionFactory = HibernateSessionFactory.getSessionFactory();
		Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
					
		List<CsTUser> userList = session.createQuery("from CsTUser").list();
		
		System.out.println(userList.size());
		Iterator it = userList.iterator();
		while(it.hasNext()){
			CsTUser user = (CsTUser) it.next();
			System.out.println("username=" + user.getFVarName());
		}

                session.close();
                sessionFactory.close();
	}

}