姜黄的毒副作用调研汇总(调研手稿一)

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/appleyuchi/article/details/120406559

[1]

姜黄会「伤肝」

早在 10 多年前，日本肝脏学会就开展了对各种民间药物及健康食品所诱发的「药物性肝功能损害」的调查。

所谓药物性肝损害，顾名思义就是服用药物或含有药物成分的食物导致的肝脏损害。而这项调查的结果可能让太多人震惊：

导致药物性肝损的原因很多，但其中名列第一的就是——姜黄。（如下图）

统计显示，诱发药物性肝损的食物 / 药物 69 类 117 种当中，姜黄占比竟然高达 24.8%，接近四分之一，这是一个非常高的比例。

这项调查中还报告了 3 例死亡事件，其中一例是姜黄所导致的爆发性急性肝炎致全身多脏器衰竭而死。

受到这项调查的影响，日本肝胆科医生形成了普遍共识：

姜黄是一种需要当心的东西。

姜黄补充剂里还有其他「伤肝成分」

之所以要警惕姜黄类补充剂，还有一个原因是——姜黄类补充剂常含有较多的铁。

很多人知道补铁可以预防缺铁性贫血，但凡事都有个度，如果摄入的铁过多，就会损伤肝细胞，甚至提高肝硬化、肝癌的风险。

其实都不用说如此严重的情况，很多服用姜黄补充剂的脂肪肝患者去验血之后就会发现铁超标，这是值得警惕的。

上述内容来自【1】

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【不良反应与副作用】毒理学研究表明，姜黄有一定的致畸变作用，可能与姜黄根素有关。动物试验表明，长期服用姜黄制剂可以使子宫内膜萎缩、解体，睾丸重量以及睾酮明显下降。临床中暂无此类不良反应的报道，但有报道称，服用姜黄煎剂后可以使血压升高。

上述内容来自【2】

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Hormonal alterations: Studies have shown that curcumin is capable of modulating the function of hormonal systems in the body. In cases of abnormally high estrogen (such as among those with Endometriosis), curcumin has been shown to reduce estradiol production and secretion. Therefore, it is possible that when taken at high doses and/or by certain users, decreases in the production of certain hormones may be unfavorable and lead to an array of side effects. If you notice major fluctuations in hormone levels after supplementing with curcumin, it may be more than just a coincidence – curcumin could be the culprit.[3]

Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24639774
Hot flashes: Along with facial flushing and feverish feelings, some people experience hot flashes from curcumin supplementation. Hot flashes are characterized by brief, yet sudden, flash of heat throughout the body and/or in a specific region of the body. If you perceive intermittent temperature increases throughout your body, but don’t have a fever, you may be experiencing hot flashes as a result of curcumin supplementation. In some cases, hot flashes may occur during the first few days of supplementing and then subside after a week or two as the body adapts to supplementation.[3]

Itchiness: In the event that you were allergic to curcumin and/or a concomitant ingredient within a curcumin supplement, you may feel itchy. Those that are allergic to curcumin will likely become itchy on the very first day (or two) of supplementation. This itching may vary in its intensity from mild to severe, but usually occurs throughout the entire body. Some users may report greater severity of itchiness in certain bodily regions. In many cases, the itchiness is also accompanied by a skin rash (spots, blotches, etc.).[3]

Low blood sugar: If you have diabetes, you may notice irregularities in your blood sugar after supplementing with curcumin. It is believed that curcumin could lower levels of blood sugar, possibly causing hypoglycemia. Some speculate that curcumin may also act synergistically with other medications to reduce blood sugar, thereby amplifying preexisting blood sugar reduction (from those medications). Although a significant reduction in blood glucose from curcumin supplementation is unlikely, it may occur in certain users – especially among those with diabetes.[3]

Low testosterone: There is some speculation that curcumin could slightly reduce the production of androgens within men. In other words, curcumin supplements may reduce testosterone levels, which in turn may be an unwanted effect. Furthermore, some evidence suggests that curcumin supplementation may alter functionality of the male reproductive system and may decrease sperm motility.[3]

Nausea: Clinical studies note that individuals supplementing with 3.6 to 8 grams of curcumin per day for a 4-month period experienced mild nausea as a side effect. That said, 3.6 to 8 grams of curcumin per day is considered a relatively high dosage for supplementation. If you are on a high dose regimen of curcumin supplementation and notice the onset of mild nausea, you could simply reduce the dosage until the nausea subsides.

面部潮红和发烧，发痒、低血糖、睾丸激素水平低、每天3.6~8g是比较高的剂量。

上述内容来自【3】

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Liver and Gallbladder Problem
The liver and the gallbladder, two of the most significant organ of the digestive system, may be poisoned by excess intake of Curcumin. According to the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University, it may cause the gallbladder to contract, sometimes called the gallbladder squeezing. Curcumin increases the flow of bile produced by the liver. It provokes the gallstone problem by washing out the gallstone out of the gallbladder and causes obstruction in the bile duct. It now results to a gallbladder attack and it happens due to increase in the flow of bile from the liver.(肝脏和胆囊是消化系统最重要的两个器官，过量摄入姜黄素可能会导致中毒。根据俄勒冈州立大学莱纳斯·鲍林研究所的研究，它可能导致胆囊收缩，有时称为胆囊挤压。姜黄素增加肝脏产生的胆汁流量。它通过冲洗胆囊中的胆石引起胆结石问题，并导致胆管阻塞。现在它导致胆囊病发作，发生的原因是来自肝脏的胆汁流量增加)

上述内容来自【4】

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“A relatively high number of reports suggests that curcumin may cause toxicity under speciﬁc conditions. In 1976 Goodpasture and Arrighi found that turmeric caused a doseand time-dependent induction of chromosome aberrations in several mammalian cell lines; these alterations were observedat concentrations of 10 lg mL-1. .1Accumulating data have demonstrated since then that curcumin can induce DNA damage and chromosomal alterations both in vitro and in vivo at concentrations similar to those reported to exert beneﬁcial effect.2–10[4]

For instance, curcumin concentrations of 2.5 and 5 lg/mL were shown to induce DNA damage to both the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes in cells.8 .These reports raise concern about curcumin safety, as the induction of DNA alterations is a common event in carcinogenesis.”[4]

(可能会导致DNA损伤)

Pregnancy and breastfeeding – It is advised that you consult with your doctor if you are considering taking turmeric when pregnant or breastfeeding. Turmeric is likely to be safe when taken in small doses, such as the typical dosage added to food (roughly 1.4 grams). But, if you are taking turmeric for medicinal purposes during pregnancy, then this is not advised as turmeric may stimulate your uterus and result in miscarriage. There is no substantial evidence that notes the side effects of turmeric and breastfeeding, however, some experts may advise against the use of it until the substance is further explored in women who are breastfeeding.（妇女咨询医生，1.4g以内添加到食物中是安全的）

8. Contractions
Though there isn’t any real evidence that it would be harmful – turmeric is forbidden in pregnancy and breastfeeding.

In fact, scientists say that consuming turmeric as a spice during pregnancy is totally harmless.

However, there’s a reason why the supplements aren’t allowed in pregnancy.

The reason why: In a higher dose, turmeric was proved to stimulate uterine contractions.

During pregnancy, this would be extremely dangerous because it would mean risking the baby’s life.

So if you experience joint pain at that time, it’s best to talk to your doctor instead of taking any supplement.

When it comes to breastfeeding – there aren’t many reports or information. Scientists don’t know yet if turmeric would pass through breast milk, and this means it’s better to stay away from it.(怀孕期间不得服用姜黄，必须遵医嘱)[6]

Curcumin is being recognized and used worldwide in many different forms for multiple potential health benefits. For example, in India, turmeric—containing curcumin—has been used in curries; in Japan, it is served in tea; in Thailand, it is used in cosmetics; in China, it is used as a colorant; in Korea, it is served in drinks; in Malaysia, it is used as an antiseptic; in Pakistan, it is used as an anti-inflammatory agent; and in the United States, it is used in mustard sauce, cheese, butter, and chips, as a preservative and a coloring agent, in addition to capsules and powder forms. Curcumin is available in several forms including capsules, tablets, ointments, energy drinks, soaps, and cosmetics [2]. Curcuminoids have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as “Generally Recognized As Safe” (GRAS) [2], and good tolerability and safety profiles have been shown by clinical trials, even at doses between 4000 and 8000 mg/day [18] and of doses up to 12,000 mg/day of 95% concentration of three curcuminoids: curcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, and demethoxycurcumin [19].(4-8g之间基本是安全剂量，上述内容来自【7】)

piperine is the major active component of black pepper and, when combined in a complex with curcumin, has been shown to increase bioavailability by 2000%（姜黄和黑椒一起服用,查了其他资料，准确的应该是胡椒碱black pepper extract）

3. Avoid if suffering from gallstones or gallbladder obstruction
Studies report that low dose curcumin can cause gallbladder contraction in humans. (Read Is it safe to take turmeric if suffering from gallstones?) 40 mg curcumin can bring about 50% gallbladder contraction.

Now this action of curcumin is beneficial in preventing gallstone formation. However if already suffering from gallstones or bile duct obstruction, a contraction of this sort can cause severe pain.

Therefore it is advised to avoid curcumin supplements in gallstone or gallbladder obstruction.

4. Use turmeric with caution in case of gout or kidney stones
Now, this precaution does not stand for curcumin supplements, but its mention is noteworthy. Turmeric as a spice is high in oxalates and hence it should be avoided in case of gout or if one is susceptible to developing kidney stones.

However, curcumin supplements are extracted and purified to a level that oxalates are minimal and non toxic.

Therefore for therapeutic purposes in case of kidney stones and gout, it is advisable to take curcumin supplements over turmeric as a spice.

For more details on this read: Does Turmeric Cause Kidney Stones? Is it safe to take Turmeric In Gout?（

如果患有胆结石或胆囊阻塞，请避免

研究报告称，低剂量姜黄素可导致人类胆囊收缩。（如果患有胆结石，服用姜黄安全吗？）40毫克姜黄素可以使胆囊收缩50%。

现在姜黄素的这种作用有利于防止胆结石的形成。然而，如果已经患有胆结石或胆管阻塞，这种收缩会引起剧烈疼痛。

因此，建议避免在胆结石或胆囊梗阻时补充姜黄素。

4痛风或肾结石时小心使用姜黄

现在，这一预防措施并不代表姜黄素补充剂，但值得一提的是。姜黄作为一种香料含有大量的草酸，因此在痛风或容易患肾结石的情况下应避免使用。

然而，姜黄素补充剂被提取和纯化到草酸盐含量最低且无毒的水平。

因此，对于肾结石和痛风的治疗目的，建议服用姜黄素补充剂，而不是姜黄作为香料。

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