1 Linux的具体实现的限制
Linux上运行的程序会受到资源限制的影响,它们可能是硬件方面的物理性限制(如内存大小),系统策略的限制(如允许使用的CPU时间)或具体实现的限制(如整数长度或文件名中所允许的最大字符数)。
头文件/usr/include/limits.h
中定义了许多操作系统具体实现的限制的显示常量,
/* Copyright (C) 1991-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This file is part of the GNU C Library.
The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
Lesser General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
License along with the GNU C Library; if not, see
<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. */
/*
* ISO C99 Standard: 7.10/5.2.4.2.1 Sizes of integer types <limits.h>
*/
#ifndef _LIBC_LIMITS_H_
#define _LIBC_LIMITS_H_ 1
#define __GLIBC_INTERNAL_STARTING_HEADER_IMPLEMENTATION
#include <bits/libc-header-start.h>
/* Maximum length of any multibyte character in any locale.
We define this value here since the gcc header does not define
the correct value. */
#define MB_LEN_MAX 16
/* If we are not using GNU CC we have to define all the symbols ourself.
Otherwise use gcc's definitions (see below). */
#if !defined __GNUC__ || __GNUC__ < 2
/* We only protect from multiple inclusion here, because all the other
#include's protect themselves, and in GCC 2 we may #include_next through
multiple copies of this file before we get to GCC's. */
# ifndef _LIMITS_H
# define _LIMITS_H 1
#include <bits/wordsize.h>
/* We don't have #include_next.
Define ANSI <limits.h> for standard 32-bit words. */
/* These assume 8-bit `char's, 16-bit `short int's,
and 32-bit `int's and `long int's. */
/* Number of bits in a `char'. */
# define CHAR_BIT 8
/* Minimum and maximum values a `signed char' can hold. */
# define SCHAR_MIN (-128)
# define SCHAR_MAX 127
/* Maximum value an `unsigned char' can hold. (Minimum is 0.) */
# define UCHAR_MAX 255
/* Minimum and maximum values a `char' can hold. */
# ifdef __CHAR_UNSIGNED__
# define CHAR_MIN 0
# define CHAR_MAX UCHAR_MAX
# else
# define CHAR_MIN SCHAR_MIN
# define CHAR_MAX SCHAR_MAX
# endif
/* Minimum and maximum values a `signed short int' can hold. */
# define SHRT_MIN (-32768)
# define SHRT_MAX 32767
/* Maximum value an `unsigned short int' can hold. (Minimum is 0.) */
# define USHRT_MAX 65535
/* Minimum and maximum values a `signed int' can hold. */
# define INT_MIN (-INT_MAX - 1)
# define INT_MAX 2147483647
/* Maximum value an `unsigned int' can hold. (Minimum is 0.) */
# define UINT_MAX 4294967295U
/* Minimum and maximum values a `signed long int' can hold. */
# if __WORDSIZE == 64
# define LONG_MAX 9223372036854775807L
# else
# define LONG_MAX 2147483647L
# endif
# define LONG_MIN (-LONG_MAX - 1L)
/* Maximum value an `unsigned long int' can hold. (Minimum is 0.) */
# if __WORDSIZE == 64
# define ULONG_MAX 18446744073709551615UL
# else
# define ULONG_MAX 4294967295UL
# endif
# ifdef __USE_ISOC99
/* Minimum and maximum values a `signed long long int' can hold. */
# define LLONG_MAX 9223372036854775807LL
# define LLONG_MIN (-LLONG_MAX - 1LL)
/* Maximum value an `unsigned long long int' can hold. (Minimum is 0.) */
# define ULLONG_MAX 18446744073709551615ULL
# endif /* ISO C99 */
# endif /* limits.h */
#endif /* GCC 2. */
#endif /* !_LIBC_LIMITS_H_ */
/* Get the compiler's limits.h, which defines almost all the ISO constants.
We put this #include_next outside the double inclusion check because
it should be possible to include this file more than once and still get
the definitions from gcc's header. */
#if defined __GNUC__ && !defined _GCC_LIMITS_H_
/* `_GCC_LIMITS_H_' is what GCC's file defines. */
# include_next <limits.h>
#endif
/* The <limits.h> files in some gcc versions don't define LLONG_MIN,
LLONG_MAX, and ULLONG_MAX. Instead only the values gcc defined for
ages are available. */
#if defined __USE_ISOC99 && defined __GNUC__
# ifndef LLONG_MIN
# define LLONG_MIN (-LLONG_MAX-1)
# endif
# ifndef LLONG_MAX
# define LLONG_MAX __LONG_LONG_MAX__
# endif
# ifndef ULLONG_MAX
# define ULLONG_MAX (LLONG_MAX * 2ULL + 1)
# endif
#endif
/* The integer width macros are not defined by GCC's <limits.h> before
GCC 7, or if _GNU_SOURCE rather than
__STDC_WANT_IEC_60559_BFP_EXT__ is used to enable this feature. */
#if __GLIBC_USE (IEC_60559_BFP_EXT)
# ifndef CHAR_WIDTH
# define CHAR_WIDTH 8
# endif
# ifndef SCHAR_WIDTH
# define SCHAR_WIDTH 8
# endif
# ifndef UCHAR_WIDTH
# define UCHAR_WIDTH 8
# endif
# ifndef SHRT_WIDTH
# define SHRT_WIDTH 16
# endif
# ifndef USHRT_WIDTH
# define USHRT_WIDTH 16
# endif
# ifndef INT_WIDTH
# define INT_WIDTH 32
# endif
# ifndef UINT_WIDTH
# define UINT_WIDTH 32
# endif
# ifndef LONG_WIDTH
# define LONG_WIDTH __WORDSIZE
# endif
# ifndef ULONG_WIDTH
# define ULONG_WIDTH __WORDSIZE
# endif
# ifndef LLONG_WIDTH
# define LLONG_WIDTH 64
# endif
# ifndef ULLONG_WIDTH
# define ULLONG_WIDTH 64
# endif
#endif /* Use IEC_60559_BFP_EXT. */
#ifdef __USE_POSIX
/* POSIX adds things to <limits.h>. */
# include <bits/posix1_lim.h>
#endif
#ifdef __USE_POSIX2
# include <bits/posix2_lim.h>
#endif
#ifdef __USE_XOPEN
# include <bits/xopen_lim.h>
#endif
2 Linux系统策略的限制
头文件/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/sys/resource.h
提供了资源操作方面的定义。
#include <sys/resource.h>
int getpriority(int which,id_t who);
int setpriority(int which,id_t who,int priority);
int getrlimit(int resource,struct rlimit* r_limit);
int setrlimit(int resource,const struct rlimit* r_limit);
int getrusage(int who,struct rusage* r_usage);
id_t
是一个整数类型,用于用户和组标识符。
rusage
结构用来确定当前程序已耗费多少CPU时间,包括以下两个成员,struct timeval ru_utime
使用的用户时间,struct timeval ru_stime
使用的系统时间。一个程序耗费的CPU时间可分为用户时间(程序执行自身的指令所耗费的时间)和系统时间(操作系统为程序执行所耗费的时间,即执行系统调用所耗费的时间)。
timeval
结构在<sys/time.h>
中定义,包含成员tv_sec和tv_usec,分别代表秒和微秒。
getrusage函数将CPU所耗费的时间写入rusage结构中,参数who有两种取值,RUSAGE_SELF仅返回当前程序的使用信息,
RUSAGE_CHILDREN还包括子进程的使用信息。
getpriority和setpriority函数用来获取和设置程序的优先级。每个程序都有一个与之关联的优先级,优先级越高的程序可以分配到更多的CPU资源,普通用户只能降低程序的优先级而不能升高。which有三种取值,指定对待who参数的方式,
PRIO_PROCESS:who参数是进程标识符
PRIO_PGRP:who参数是进程组
PRIO_USER:who参数是用户标识符
默认优先级为0,优先级有效范围为-20到20,数值越高优先级越低。getpriority成功时返回一个有效优先级,失败时返回-1并设置errno,应在调用getpriority之前将errno设置为0,函数返回后检查errno是否仍为0。setpriority成功时返回0,否则返回-1。
getrlimit和setrlimit用来读取和设置系统资源。硬限制指如果被超越,可能会导致系统通过发送信号的方式来终止程序的运行,软限制是一个建议性的最好不要超越的限制,如果超越可能会导致库函数返回错误。程序可以把自己的软限制设置为小于硬限制的任何值,也可以减小自己的硬限制,但只有root可以增加硬限制。
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/resource.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
void work()
{
double x = 4.5;
FILE*f = tmpfile();
for(int i = 0;i < 10000;i++)
{
fprintf(f,"Do some output\n");
if(ferror(f))
{
fprintf(stderr,"Error writing to temporary file\n");
exit(1);
}
}
for(int i = 0;i < 1000000;i++)
x = log(x*x + 3.21);
}
int main()
{
struct rusage r_usage;
struct rlimit r_limit;
work();
getrusage(RUSAGE_SELF,&r_usage);
printf("CPU usage: User = %ld.%06ld,System = %ld.%06ld\n",
r_usage.ru_utime.tv_sec,r_usage.ru_utime.tv_usec,
r_usage.ru_stime.tv_sec,r_usage.ru_stime.tv_usec);
int priority = getpriority(PRIO_PROCESS,getpid());
printf("Current priority = %d\n",priority);
getrlimit(RLIMIT_FSIZE,&r_limit);
printf("Current fsize limit: soft = %ld, hard = %ld\n",
r_limit.rlim_cur,r_limit.rlim_max);
r_limit.rlim_cur = 2048;
r_limit.rlim_max = 4096;
printf("Setting a 2K file size limit\n");
setrlimit(RLIMIT_FSIZE,&r_limit);
work();
exit(0);
}