Unit 3: Cryptography 3.1 Cryptography Introduction to Cryptography

>> The term cryptography has its Greek roots in two words: kryptos, which means hidden;
and graphein, which means to write.

密码学这个词在希腊语中有两个词根:kryptos，意思是隐藏的;graphein，意思是写。


The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines cryptography as the process of writing
or reading secret messages or codes.

《韦氏词典》将密码学定义为书写或阅读秘密信息或代码的过程。

And it's been expanded into the practice and study of techniques of secret code.

它已经扩展到密码技术的实践和研究中。

Cryptanalysis, another related term, refers to the analysis and cracking of codes
through weaknesses or other means.

密码分析，另一个相关术语，是指通过弱点或其他手段分析和破解代码。

Cryptology, yet another term, is used by some as a synonym for cryptography.

密码学，另一个术语，被一些人用作密码学的同义词。

Others define it as the study of coding and patterns, basically making it an umbrella term
for cryptography and cryptanalysis.

其他人将其定义为编码和模式的研究，基本上使其成为密码学和密码分析的总称。

Let's use a term that comes up a lot today in computing,
which puts the previous terms into action: Encryption.

让我们使用一个今天在计算中经常出现的术语，它将前面的术语付诸实践:加密。

It comes from the terms en, to make; and crypt, hidden.

它来自于术语封住，制造；和地下室，隐藏

When do we use encryption?

我们什么时候使用加密?

When we're turning on our cell phones.

当我们打开手机的时候。

When you check your email or you do anything online that requires you to log in.

当你查看电子邮件或在网上做任何需要你登录的事情时。

When you're using secure Wi-Fi.

当你使用安全Wi-Fi。

When you use your debit cards and credit cards.

当你使用你的借记卡和信用卡时。

When you're driving with your E-ZPass.

当你处于操作E-ZPass（公路电子收费系统）的时候。

Of course, there are many more examples, including when your computer is not in use,
protecting the files on your laptop should it get into the wrong hands.

当然，还有更多的例子，包括当你的电脑不用时，保护笔记本电脑上的文件，以防它落入坏人之手。

In other words, we really use encryption all the time.

换句话说，我们一直在使用加密。

We use encryption to protect the confidentiality
of our sensitive data while it's being transmitted and stored.

我们使用加密来保护敏感数据在传输和存储时的机密性。

If someone should see our unencrypted data, they'll be able to understand it.

如果有人看到我们的未加密数据，他们就能理解。

If someone should see our encrypted data, they will not be able to understand it.

如果有人看到我们的加密数据，他们将无法理解它。

What's involved?
Plaintext -- anything in its original bit stream: Images, sounds,
or any other type of file in your machine.

有什么相关的?纯文本（明文）——原始比特流中的任何内容:图像、声音或机器中的任何其他类型的文件。

Algorithm or cipher, a mathematical function that converts the plaintext
into jumbled output known as ciphertext.

一种数学函数，它将明文转换成杂乱的输出，称为密文。

Ciphertext, the result -- the jumbled message that, while it can be read, can't be understood.

密文，结果——混乱的信息，虽然可以阅读，却无法理解。

And the key, a string of ones and zeros used as an input
to the algorithm in addition to the plaintext.

键，一串1和0作为算法的输入除了明文。  （由上下文得出，即使是google也无法翻译准确甚至翻译错误，最准确的翻译还是离不开人的。）

（看翻译不如直接单词翻译，去掉a are as an to等非核心词语，直接翻译string，algorithm，plaintext等，这样来感受各种语言给你的传意，当上下文的名词多了，臆测作者的本意，这才是学习一切语言的高效方式。 ）

我的翻译：不移动词语，直接体验。键（key），一串（a string）1和0用来（used）作（as）一个输入（an input）来自算法（to the algorithm）另外（addition）来自明文（plaintext）              正确理解为：健值，1和0看似作为了算法的输入，用户发现不了秘密，实际上，这些输入就是明文，和没加密一样。

这样的翻译是最准确的。它的准确度由上下文决定。上下文告诉你一件事情。这句话为后面的，算法是没有秘密的，大家都知道，做引子。

An algorithm by itself is not sufficient.

算法本身是不够的。

What this would look like is plaintext fed into an algorithm,
producing ciphertext as the output.

这看起来就像将明文输入到算法中，生成密文作为输出。

Algorithms are well-known and are never secret, as we'll discuss shortly.

算法是众所周知的，并且从来都不是秘密，我们稍后将对此进行讨论。

What's to stop anyone from simply putting the ciphertext back into the algorithm
to produce the original plaintext?

有什么能阻止人们简单地将密文放回算法中以生成原始明文呢?

Nothing, of course.

当然,没有什么。

The secrecy, the confidentiality lies in the key --
another input to the algorithm besides the plaintext.

机密性，机密性在于密钥——除了明文，算法的另一个输入。

Now there are two inputs to the algorithm: The plaintext and the key.

现在算法有两个输入:明文和密钥。

Out pops the ciphertext again; however, without the key needed for decryption,
one can't simply feed the ciphertext back into the algorithm to produce the plaintext.

密文再次弹出;但是，如果没有解密所需的密钥，就不能简单地将密文返回到算法中以生成明文。

The secrecy, the confidentiality lies with the key.

秘密，秘密在于钥匙。

Algorithms are well-known, and they are never secret; keys are guarded and kept secret.

算法是众所周知的，它们从来不是秘密;钥匙是有人看守和保密的。

Confidentiality depends fully on the key.

机密性完全取决于密钥。

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/sec875/articles/10321275.html