引用（一）

/*
~~与指针一样不太好理解~~
一、创建引用变量
1.引用变量的创建：
int rats;
int & rodents = rats;
int &指的是指向int的引用。
上述引用声明允许将rats和rodents互换，它们指向相同的值和内存单元。
2.注意：
必须在声明引用时将其初始化，而不能像指针那样，先声明，在赋值。
int rat;
int & rodent;
rodent = rat;
3.引用更接近const指针，必须在创建时进行初始化，一旦与某个变量关联起来，就将一直效忠于他。
int & rodents = rats;
实际上是下述代码的伪装表示：
int * const pr = &rats;
其中，引用rodents扮演的角色与表达式*pr相同。
下面的程序演示了试图将rats变量的引用改为bunnies变量的引用时，将发生的情况。
*/
/*
下面看个小程序：
#include <iostream>


using namespace std;


int main()
{
    int rats = 101;
    int & rodents = rats;


    cout << "rats = " << rats;
    cout << ",rodents = " << rodents << endl;


    cout << "rats address = "  << &rats;
    cout << ", rodents address = " << &rodents << endl;


    int bunnies = 50;
    rodents = bunnies;
    cout << "bunnies = " << bunnies;
    cout << ", rats = " << rats;
    cout << ", rodents = " << rodents << endl;


    cout << "bunnies address = " << &bunnies;
    cout << ",rodents address = " << &rodents << endl;
    return 0;
}


rats = 101,rodents = 101
rats address = 0x28fef8, rodents address = 0x28fef8
bunnies = 50, rats = 50, rodents = 50
bunnies address = 0x28fef4,rodents address = 0x28fef8


Process returned 0 (0x0)   execution time : 0.328 s
Press any key to continue.
*/
/*rodents = bunnies;就相当于 rats = bunnies;
简而言之，可以通过初始化声明来设置引用，但不能通过赋值来设置。


4.假如我们这样做：
int rats = 101;
int * pt = &rats;
int & rodents = *pt;
int bunnies = 50;
pt = bunnies;
将rodents初始化为*pt使得rodents指向rats。接下来pt改为指向bunnies,并不能改变这样
的事实，即rodents引用的是rats.
二、将引用作为函数参数
引用经常被用作函数参数，使得函数中的变量名成为调用程序中的变量的别名。这种传递参数的方法
称为按引用传递。按引用传递允许被调用的函数能够访问调用函数中的变量。
交换两个变量的值的程序是一个很好的例子，我们可以使用指针，引用做个比较。
程序如下：*/
/*
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void swapr(int & a, int & b);
void swapp(int * p, int * q);
void swapv(int a, int b);


int main()
{
    int wallet1 = 300;
    int wallet2 = 350;


    cout << "wallet1 = $" << wallet1;
    cout << " wallet2 = $" << wallet2 << endl;


    cout << "Using references to swap contents: \n";
    swapr(wallet1,wallet2);
    cout << "wallet1 = $ " << wallet1;
    cout << " wallet2 = $" << wallet2 << endl;


    cout << "Using pointers to swap contents: \n";
    swapp(&wallet1, &wallet2);
    cout << "wallet1 = $ " << wallet1;
    cout << " wallet2 = $" << wallet2 << endl;


    cout << "Trying to use passing by value: \n";
    swapv(wallet1,wallet2);
    cout << "wallet1 = $ " << wallet1;
    cout << " wallet2 = $" << wallet2 << endl;
    return 0;
}
void swapr(int & a, int & b)
{
    int temp;
    temp = a;
    a = b;
    b = temp;
}
void swapp(int * p, int * q)
{
    int temp;
    temp = *p;
    *p = *q;
    *q = temp;
}
void swapv(int a, int b)
{
    int temp;
    temp = a;
    a = b;
    b = temp;
}
*/
///我又结合之前学过的内联函数把程序改了改：
/*#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void swapr(int & a, int & b);
void swapp(int * p, int * q);
void swapv(int a, int b);
inline int output(int a, int b)
{
    cout << "wallet1 = $" << a;
    cout << " wallet2 = $" << b << endl;
    return 0;
}
int main()
{
    int wallet1 = 300;
    int wallet2 = 350;


    output(wallet1,wallet2);
    cout << "Using references to swap contents: \n";
    swapr(wallet1,wallet2);
    output(wallet1,wallet2);


    cout << "Using pointers to swap contents: \n";
    swapp(&wallet1, &wallet2);
    output(wallet1,wallet2);


    cout << "Trying to use passing by value: \n";
    swapv(wallet1,wallet2);
    output(wallet1,wallet2);
    return 0;
}
void swapr(int & a, int & b)
{
    int temp;
    temp = a;
    a = b;
    b = temp;
}
void swapp(int * p, int * q)
{
    int temp;
    temp = *p;
    *p = *q;
    *q = temp;
}
void swapv(int a, int b)
{
    int temp;
    temp = a;
    a = b;
    b = temp;
}


wallet1 = $300 wallet2 = $350
Using references to swap contents:
wallet1 = $350 wallet2 = $300
Using pointers to swap contents:
wallet1 = $300 wallet2 = $350
Trying to use passing by value:
wallet1 = $300 wallet2 = $350


Process returned 0 (0x0)   execution time : 0.250 s
Press any key to continue.

*/

唉，学习C++是一天中最幸福的事，学习算法是一天中最痛苦的事。

我马上就要去找痛苦玩耍了。