外刊学习:令和:日本新年号有何深意?

今日导读

本周一,日本政府公布了新年号“令和”,从 1989 年开始使用的“平成”年号将在今年 5 月 1 日退出历史舞台。在新年号公布前的几周,日本社交媒体就炸了锅,网友纷纷猜测这次的新年号会是哪两个汉字。有意思的是,很多日本民众在报纸和网络票选中力推“永和”二字,让中国网民也乐了一把。那这次的新年号的背后到底有什么故事,又有什么创新之处呢?让我们跟着 Zurini 老师走进《卫报》的这篇新闻。

新闻原文

Reiwa: how Japan’s new era name is breaking tradition

Reiwa—Japan’s new imperial era—adheres to the established naming custom in that it comprises two kanji and is easy to read and write.

But it also represents a break with centuries of tradition as the first era name to have been inspired by a Japanese, rather than Chinese, work of classical literature.

The characters are taken from a stanza in a poem about plum blossoms that appears in Man’yoshu, the oldest existing collection of Japanese poetry, compiled sometime after 759.

Placed in that literary context, the kanji can be read to mean “fortunate” or “auspicious”, and “peace” or “harmony”.

The naming of a new imperial era for Japan–and for only the third time in almost a century at that—carries enormous significance. Like the era name system, or gengo, throughout Japan’s modern history, Reiwa is supposed to reset the national mood ahead of the new emperor’s reign, which begins on 1 May.

According to Japan’s prime minister, the new era should encompass pride in the country’s history and traditions along with hope for the future.

Not everyone shared the generally enthusiastic reception the new era name received on Monday, with some describing it as a throwback to prewar monarchism.

“Japanese society is no longer controlled by an emperor, ” Hiroshi Kozen, an emeritus professor at Kyoto University, told Kyodo news agency. “The era system should reflect people’s desires, and that should start with a discussion about why we need it, ” he said.

带着问题看讲解

如何理解 in that 这个词组?

Man’yoshu 在日本有怎样的地位?

为什么这个新年号引发了争议?

新闻正文

Reiwa: how Japan’s new era name is breaking tradition

令和:日本的新年号如何打破传统

Reiwa—Japan’s new imperial era—adheres to the established naming custom in that it comprises two kanji and is easy to read and write.

令和——日本的新年号——遵循了已有的年号命名惯例。因为它由两个汉字组成,并>且容易读写。

But it also represents a break with centuries of tradition as the first era name to have been inspired by a Japanese, rather than Chinese, work of classical literature.

但是,作为第一个灵感来源于日本古典文学作品,而非中国典籍的年号,“令和”也打破了千百年来的传统。

The characters are taken from a stanza in a poem about plum blossoms that appears in Man’yoshu, the oldest existing collection of Japanese poetry, compiled sometime after 759.

“令和”取自《万叶集》一首咏梅诗中的一个诗节。而《万叶集》是现存最古老的日本诗集,编撰于公元 759 年后。

Placed in that literary context, the kanji can be read to mean “fortunate” or “auspicious”, and “peace” or “harmony”.

在诗歌的文学语境中,“令”可以解读为“幸运”或“吉祥”,而“和”则意味着“太平”或“和谐”。

The naming of a new imperial era for Japan—and for only the third time in almost a century at that—carries enormous significance. Like the era name system, or gengo, throughout Japan’s modern history, Reiwa is supposed to reset the national mood ahead of the new emperor’s reign, which begins on 1 May.

日本新年号的命名——而且是近一个世纪以来仅仅第三次的命名——有着极大的意义。和贯穿日本现代史的所有年号(时代命名系统)一样,“令和”的目的是在新天皇即位之前鼓舞国民的情绪。新天皇将于 5 月 1 日即位。

According to Japan’s prime minister, the new era should encompasspride in the country’s history and traditions along with hope for the future.

日本首相称,这个新时代应该带有对国家历史和传统的自豪感,以及对未来的希望。

Not everyone shared the generally enthusiastic reception the new era name received on Monday, with some describing it as a throwbackto prewar monarchism.

周一当天,群众普遍对这个新年号表示热烈欢迎,但不是所有人都抱有同样的态度。有民众将新年号描述为战前君主主义的一次回潮。

“Japanese society is no longer controlled by an emperor,” Hiroshi Kozen, an emeritus professor at Kyoto University, told Kyodo news agency. “The era system should reflect people’s desires, and that should start with a discussion about why we need it,” he said.

京都大学的荣誉退休教授兴膳宏告诉共同通讯社:“日本社会不再由天皇统治。”他说道:“年号系统应该反映人们的心愿,而要做到这一点,我们应该从讨论为什么我们需要年号开始。”

重点词汇

era
/ˈɪrə/
n. 时代,年代
e.g.
拓展发音:UK·/ˈɪərə/
拓展发音:US·/ˈerə/
搭配短语:the digital era
搭配短语:the post-war era

imperial
/ɪmˈpɪriəl/
adj. 帝国的;皇帝的
e.g.
相关词汇:empire(n. 帝国);emperor(n. 皇帝)

adhere to
粘贴,附着;遵守,忠于,坚持
e.g.
例句:The cells adhere to one another.
例句:We should adhere to our principle.

established
/ɪˈstæblɪʃt/
adj. 已经确立的,既定的
e.g.
词性拓展:establish (v.)

in that
因为
e.g.
例句:She was fortunate in that she had friends to help her.

comprise
/kəmˈpraɪz/
v. 包含,包括;组成
e.g.
例句:The house comprises/is comprised of two bedrooms and a living room.

stanza
/ˈstænzə/
n.(诗歌的)节,段

plum blossom
梅花
e.g.
相关词汇:plum(n. 梅子)
相关词汇:blossom(n. 花朵;花簇)
blossom 搭配短语:peach blossom(桃花)

compile
/kəmˈpaɪl/
v. 编写、编纂

place
/pleɪs/
v. 放置;使处在…情况下
e.g.
搭配短语:place your hand on the shoulder
搭配短语:be placed in the care of sb.

literary
/ˈlɪtəreri/
adj. 和文学有关的,文学的
e.g.
英文释义:connected with literature
词性拓展:literature (n.)

auspicious
/ɔːˈspɪʃəs/
adj. 吉利的,吉祥的
e.g.
搭配短语:an auspicious start

at that
(用于提供额外信息)而且
e.g.
例句:She managed to buy a car after all—and a nice one at that.

reign
/reɪn/
n. 君主统治时期;主宰期,支配期
e.g
搭配短语:the reign of James I
例句:The end of the war ushered in a new reignof peace and harmony.

encompass
/ɪnˈkʌmpəs/
v. 包含,包括
e.g.
近义词:include
例句:Our job encompasses a wide range of responsibilities.

reception
/rɪˈsepʃn/
n. 反响,欢迎
e.g.
英文释义:the type of welcome that is given to sb./sth.
搭配短语:a warm/an enthusiastic reception
例句:We gave her a warm reception.
搭配短语:receive a…reception

throwback
/ˈθroʊbæk/
n. 回归,返祖
e.g
相关词汇:throw(扔);back(回到原处)
例句:My whole outfit was a throwback to the 1970s.
文化补充:#throwback 读作 hashtag throwback,是国外年轻人在社交网络上发布旧照片时喜欢加上的标签。

monarchism
/ˈmɑnɑrkɪzəm/
n. 君主主义
e.g.
相关词汇:monarch(君主,帝王)
词根词缀:-ism(…主义)

emeritus professor
n. 荣誉退休教授
e.g.
emeritus 词根词缀:e- = ex-(退出);meritus(拉丁文词根,指赚取、换取)

news agency
新闻社,通讯社

补充词汇知识

name
v. 命名

inspire
v. 带来灵感,激发想法

read
v. 阅读;理解,懂得

enormous
adj. 巨大的,极大的
近义词:huge

significance
n. 重要性、意义

ahead of sth.
在…之前

词义辨析

Japan’s, Japanese

Japan’s 经常使用在政治、经济方面,而 Japanese 更侧重于文化、文学方面的描述。

长难句解析

But it also represents a break with centuries of tradition as the first era name to have been inspired by a Japanese, rather than Chinese, work of classical literature.

但是,作为第一个灵感来源于日本古典文学作品,而非中国典籍的年号,”令和“也打破了几个世纪的传统。

这句话的主句是 But it also represents a break with centuries of tradition。as 表示“作为”, as 引导了一个同位语(the first era name to have been inspired by a Japanese, rather than Chinese, work of classical literature)。这个同位语相当于句子开头的 it,指代“令和”这个年号。在这个同位语中, rather than Chinese 是一个插入语,后面省略了 work of classical literature。

Not everyone shared the generally enthusiastic reception the new era name received on Monday, with some describing it as a throwback to prewar monarchism.

周一当天,群众普遍对这个新年号表示热烈欢迎,但不是所有人都抱有同样的态度。有民众将新年号描述为战前君主主义的一次回潮。

这句话的主句是 Not everyone shared the generally enthusiastic reception,后面的 the new era name received on Monday 是一个定语从句。the 前面省略了 that,因为 that 在定语从句中做宾语的时候可以省略 。为了方便理解,我们可以把从句改写成简单句:the new era name received the enthusiastic reception on Monday。逗号的后面是一个 with 引导的独立主格结构,由 with,名词和动词的现在分词组成。

拓展阅读

“令和”的由来

“令和”出自有“日本《诗经》”之称的《万叶集》中《梅花之歌》的序文。序文的作者大伴旅人是良时代的政治家和诗人。当时,梅花刚刚从唐朝传入日本不久,一时成为时髦的风雅之物。大伴旅人仿照王羲之的兰亭集会,邀请当时的文人墨客到自己的宅邸,举办梅花之宴,共赏梅花。他还模仿《兰亭集序》,为此次宴席上作的三十二首梅花诗写下序文。这篇序文中的“初春令月,气淑风和,梅披镜前之粉,兰薰佩后之香”在一千多年后,成为此次日本新年号的出处。这句话的意思是“初春明月夜,气清风和,梅花像镜前梳妆美女打上一层白粉那样盛开,兰花散发着美女身上香薰衣服的味道”。

日本新年号“令和”的首创

  1. 这次年号的更改,是日本宪政史上首次因天皇“生前退位”而进行的年号更改。1979 年出台的《元号法》规定,由内阁负责决定年号的命名。现在日本年号“平成”就是这样产生的。不过,与因昭和天皇驾崩而变更年号不同的是,因天皇“生前退位”而变更年号在日本宪政史上还是首次。

  2. 这是首次由即将退位的天皇签署政令的新年号。周一当天,日本内阁将决定好的新年号呈交给现任天皇,天皇签署政令后,日本内阁才对外公布。在新天皇即位前公布新年号的做法史无前例,此前还曾遭保守派的强烈抗议。不过,为了避免变更年号带来的不便,日本政府还是决定提前 1 个月公布,让各界有所准备。

  3. 这是首次引用日本古籍的年号。自 645 年日本启用首个年号“大化”以来,过去 247 个年号中辨明出处的均出自中国古籍,其中多数是四书五经等唐代之前的古典文献。此前负责选择年号的专家多由通晓中国古典文化的学者担任,此次正式委托提案的专家则包括了日本文化、中国文学、日本史学、东洋史学等领域的学者。

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