浅析同步类容器

同步类容器是线程安全的，但在某些场景下需要加锁来保护复合操作。复合类操作如：迭代（反复访问元素，遍历完容器中所有的元素）、跳转（根据指定的顺序找到当前元素的下一个元素）、以及条件运算。这些复合操作在多线程并发的修改容器时，可能会出现意外的行为，最经典的就是ConcurrnetModificationException，原因是在容器迭代的过程中，被并发的修改内容，这是由于早期迭代器设计的时候并没有考虑并发修改的问题。

在java中，同步类容奇有以下几种：

1.Vector,Stack,hasTable

2.Collections类中提供的静态方法创建的类

package Current;

import java.util.Vector;
/**
 * 
 * @author HelloBug
 *
 */
public class TestVector {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Vector<String> v = new Vector<String>(10);
        for(int i=0;i<10;i++){
            v.add(i, Integer.toString(i));
        }
        for (String string : v) {
            v.remove(2);
            System.out.println(string);
        }
    }
}

结果如下

0
Exception in thread "main" java.util.ConcurrentModificationException
	at java.util.Vector$Itr.checkForComodification(Vector.java:1184)
	at java.util.Vector$Itr.next(Vector.java:1137)
	at Current.TestVector.main(TestVector.java:10)

同步类容器，如古老的Vector、HashTable。这些容器的同步功能其实都是由JDK的Collections.Synchronized***等工厂方法去创建实现的。其底层的机制无非就是用传统的synchronized关键字对每个公用的方法都进行同步，使得每次只能一个线程访问容器的状态。这很明显不满足我们今天互联网时代高并发的需求，在保证线程安全的同时，也必须要有足够好的性能。

接下来我们看一下Collections的Synchronized方法

说明了你给我传递一个Collection，List或者Map方法，我会给你加上一把锁，实现线程安全。

如下，HashMap本身不是线程安全的，而一旦用Collections.synchronizedMap来修饰会returns a synchronized(thread-safe),线程安全的map

下面我简单的查看一下部分的Vector源代码，如下：

/**
     * Removes the first (lowest-indexed) occurrence of the argument
     * from this vector. If the object is found in this vector, each
     * component in the vector with an index greater or equal to the
     * object's index is shifted downward to have an index one smaller
     * than the value it had previously.
     *
     * <p>This method is identical in functionality to the
     * {@link #remove(Object)} method (which is part of the
     * {@link List} interface).
     *
     * @param   obj   the component to be removed
     * @return  {@code true} if the argument was a component of this
     *          vector; {@code false} otherwise.
     */
    public synchronized boolean removeElement(Object obj) {
        modCount++;
        int i = indexOf(obj);
        if (i >= 0) {
            removeElementAt(i);
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Removes all components from this vector and sets its size to zero.
     *
     * <p>This method is identical in functionality to the {@link #clear}
     * method (which is part of the {@link List} interface).
     */
    public synchronized void removeAllElements() {
        modCount++;
        // Let gc do its work
        for (int i = 0; i < elementCount; i++)
            elementData[i] = null;

        elementCount = 0;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a clone of this vector. The copy will contain a
     * reference to a clone of the internal data array, not a reference
     * to the original internal data array of this {@code Vector} object.
     *
     * @return  a clone of this vector
     */
    public synchronized Object clone() {
        try {
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                Vector<E> v = (Vector<E>) super.clone();
            v.elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, elementCount);
            v.modCount = 0;
            return v;
        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
            // this shouldn't happen, since we are Cloneable
            throw new InternalError(e);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns an array containing all of the elements in this Vector
     * in the correct order.
     *
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public synchronized Object[] toArray() {
        return Arrays.copyOf(elementData, elementCount);
    }

    /**
     * Returns an array containing all of the elements in this Vector in the
     * correct order; the runtime type of the returned array is that of the
     * specified array.  If the Vector fits in the specified array, it is
     * returned therein.  Otherwise, a new array is allocated with the runtime
     * type of the specified array and the size of this Vector.
     *
     * <p>If the Vector fits in the specified array with room to spare
     * (i.e., the array has more elements than the Vector),
     * the element in the array immediately following the end of the
     * Vector is set to null.  (This is useful in determining the length
     * of the Vector <em>only</em> if the caller knows that the Vector
     * does not contain any null elements.)
     *
     * @param a the array into which the elements of the Vector are to
     *          be stored, if it is big enough; otherwise, a new array of the
     *          same runtime type is allocated for this purpose.
     * @return an array containing the elements of the Vector
     * @throws ArrayStoreException if the runtime type of a is not a supertype
     * of the runtime type of every element in this Vector
     * @throws NullPointerException if the given array is null
     * @since 1.2
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public synchronized <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
        if (a.length < elementCount)
            return (T[]) Arrays.copyOf(elementData, elementCount, a.getClass());

        System.arraycopy(elementData, 0, a, 0, elementCount);

        if (a.length > elementCount)
            a[elementCount] = null;

        return a;
    }

    // Positional Access Operations

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    E elementData(int index) {
        return (E) elementData[index];
    }

    /**
     * Returns the element at the specified position in this Vector.
     *
     * @param index index of the element to return
     * @return object at the specified index
     * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range
     *            ({@code index < 0 || index >= size()})
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public synchronized E get(int index) {
        if (index >= elementCount)
            throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);

        return elementData(index);
    }

    /**
     * Replaces the element at the specified position in this Vector with the
     * specified element.
     *
     * @param index index of the element to replace
     * @param element element to be stored at the specified position
     * @return the element previously at the specified position
     * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range
     *         ({@code index < 0 || index >= size()})
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public synchronized E set(int index, E element) {
        if (index >= elementCount)
            throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);

        E oldValue = elementData(index);
        elementData[index] = element;
        return oldValue;
    }

    /**
     * Appends the specified element to the end of this Vector.
     *
     * @param e element to be appended to this Vector
     * @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public synchronized boolean add(E e) {
        modCount++;
        ensureCapacityHelper(elementCount + 1);
        elementData[elementCount++] = e;
        return true;
    }

可以看到，vector的大部分方法前都使用synchronized修饰，说明线程安全，但由于大量使用同步锁，也使性能变得很差，这也极不适合现在的高并发需求