Mysql——查询语句执行顺序

1. FROM

当涉及多个表的时候,左边表的输出会作为右边表的输入,之后会生成一个虚拟表VT1。
笛卡尔积
计算两个相关联表的笛卡尔积(CROSS JOIN) ,生成虚拟表VT1。

mysql> select * from table1,table2;
+-----+------+-----+------+
| uid | name | oid | uid  |
+-----+------+-----+------+
| aaa | mike |   1 | aaa  |
| bbb | jack |   1 | aaa  |
| ccc | mike |   1 | aaa  |
| ddd | mike |   1 | aaa  |
| aaa | mike |   2 | aaa  |
| bbb | jack |   2 | aaa  |
| ccc | mike |   2 | aaa  |
| ddd | mike |   2 | aaa  |
| aaa | mike |   3 | bbb  |
| bbb | jack |   3 | bbb  |
| ccc | mike |   3 | bbb  |
| ddd | mike |   3 | bbb  |
| aaa | mike |   4 | bbb  |
| bbb | jack |   4 | bbb  |
| ccc | mike |   4 | bbb  |
| ddd | mike |   4 | bbb  |
| aaa | mike |   5 | bbb  |
| bbb | jack |   5 | bbb  |
| ccc | mike |   5 | bbb  |
| ddd | mike |   5 | bbb  |
| aaa | mike |   6 | ccc  |
| bbb | jack |   6 | ccc  |
| ccc | mike |   6 | ccc  |
| ddd | mike |   6 | ccc  |
| aaa | mike |   7 | NULL |
| bbb | jack |   7 | NULL |
| ccc | mike |   7 | NULL |
| ddd | mike |   7 | NULL |
+-----+------+-----+------+
28 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2.ON过滤

基于虚拟表VT1这一个虚拟表进行过滤,过滤出所有满足ON 谓词条件的列,生成虚拟表VT2。
注意:这里因为语法限制,使用了’WHERE’代替,从中读者也可以感受到两者之间微妙的关系;

mysql> SELECT
    -> *
    -> FROM
    -> table1,
    -> table2
    -> WHERE
    -> table1.uid = table2.uid
    -> ;
+-----+------+-----+------+
| uid | name | oid | uid  |
+-----+------+-----+------+
| aaa | mike |   1 | aaa  |
| aaa | mike |   2 | aaa  |
| bbb | jack |   3 | bbb  |
| bbb | jack |   4 | bbb  |
| bbb | jack |   5 | bbb  |
| ccc | mike |   6 | ccc  |
+-----+------+-----+------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3.添加外部列

如果使用了外连接(LEFT,RIGHT,FULL),主表(保留表)中的不符合ON条件的列也会被加入到VT2中,作为外部行,生成虚拟表VT3。

mysql> SELECT
    -> *
    -> FROM
    -> table1 AS a
    -> LEFT OUTER JOIN table2 AS b ON a.uid = b.uid;
+-----+------+------+------+
| uid | name | oid  | uid  |
+-----+------+------+------+
| aaa | mike |    1 | aaa  |
| aaa | mike |    2 | aaa  |
| bbb | jack |    3 | bbb  |
| bbb | jack |    4 | bbb  |
| bbb | jack |    5 | bbb  |
| ccc | mike |    6 | ccc  |
| ddd | mike | NULL | NULL |
+-----+------+------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4. WHERE

对VT3过程中生成的临时表进行过滤,满足WHERE子句的列被插入到VT4表中。
注意:
此时因为分组,不能使用聚合运算;也不能使用SELECT中创建的别名;
与ON的区别:
如果有外部列,ON针对过滤的是关联表,主表(保留表)会返回所有的列;
如果没有添加外部列,两者的效果是一样的;
应用:
对主表的过滤应该放在WHERE;
对于关联表,先条件查询后连接则用ON,先连接后条件查询则用WHERE;

mysql> SELECT
    -> *
    -> FROM
    -> table1 AS a
    -> LEFT OUTER JOIN table2 AS b ON a.uid = b.uid
    -> WHERE
    -> a. NAME = 'mike';
+-----+------+------+------+
| uid | name | oid  | uid  |
+-----+------+------+------+
| aaa | mike |    1 | aaa  |
| aaa | mike |    2 | aaa  |
| ccc | mike |    6 | ccc  |
| ddd | mike | NULL | NULL |
+-----+------+------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  1. GROUP BY
    这个子句会把VT4中生成的表按照GROUP BY中的列进行分组。生成VT5表。
    注意:
    其后处理过程的语句,如SELECT,HAVING,所用到的列必须包含在GROUP BY中,对于没有出现的,得用聚合函数;
    原因:
    GROUP BY改变了对表的引用,将其转换为新的引用方式,能够对其进行下一级逻辑操作的列会减少;
    我的理解是:
    根据分组字段,将具有相同分组字段的记录归并成一条记录,因为每一个分组只能返回一条记录,除非是被过滤掉了,而不在分组字段里面的字段可能会有多个值,多个值是无法放进一条记录的,所以必须通过聚合函数将这些具有多值的列转换成单值;
mysql> SELECT
    -> *
    -> FROM
    -> table1 AS a
    -> LEFT OUTER JOIN table2 AS b ON a.uid = b.uid
    -> WHERE
    -> a. NAME = 'mike'
    -> GROUP BY
    -> a.uid;
+-----+------+------+------+
| uid | name | oid  | uid  |
+-----+------+------+------+
| aaa | mike |    1 | aaa  |
| ccc | mike |    6 | ccc  |
| ddd | mike | NULL | NULL |
+-----+------+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

6. HAVING

这个子句对VT5表中的不同的组进行过滤,只作用于分组后的数据,满足HAVING条件的子句被加入到VT6表中。

mysql> SELECT
    -> *
    -> FROM
    -> table1 AS a
    -> LEFT OUTER JOIN table2 AS b ON a.uid = b.uid
    -> WHERE
    -> a. NAME = 'mike'
    -> GROUP BY
    -> a.uid
    -> HAVING
    -> count(b.oid) < 2;
+-----+------+------+------+
| uid | name | oid  | uid  |
+-----+------+------+------+
| ccc | mike |    6 | ccc  |
| ddd | mike | NULL | NULL |
+-----+------+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

7. SELECT

这个子句对SELECT子句中的元素进行处理,生成VT7表。
计算表达式 计算SELECT 子句中的表达式,生成VT7-1
DISTINCT
寻找VT5-1中的重复列,并删掉,生成VT7-2

mysql> SELECT
    -> a.uid,
    -> count(b.oid) AS total
    -> FROM
    -> table1 AS a
    -> LEFT OUTER JOIN table2 AS b ON a.uid = b.uid
    -> WHERE
    -> a. NAME = 'mike'
    -> GROUP BY
    -> a.uid
    -> HAVING
    -> count(b.oid) < 2;
+-----+-------+
| uid | total |
+-----+-------+
| ccc |     1 |
| ddd |     0 |
+-----+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

8.ORDER BY

从VT7-2中的表中,根据ORDER BY 子句的条件对结果进行排序,生成VT8表。
注意:
唯一可使用SELECT中别名(字段别名)的地方;

mysql> SELECT
    -> a.uid,
    -> count(b.oid) AS total
    -> FROM
    -> table1 AS a
    -> LEFT OUTER JOIN table2 AS b ON a.uid = b.uid
    -> WHERE
    -> a. NAME = 'mike'
    -> GROUP BY
    -> a.uid
    -> HAVING
    -> count(b.oid) < 2
    -> ORDER BY
    -> total DESC;
+-----+-------+
| uid | total |
+-----+-------+
| ccc |     1 |
| ddd |     0 |
+-----+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

9.LIMIT
LIMIT子句从上一步得到的VT8虚拟表中选出从指定位置开始的指定行数据。
注意:
offset和rows的正负带来的影响;
当偏移量很大时效率是很低的,可以这么做:
采用子查询的方式优化,在子查询里先从索引获取到最大id,然后倒序排,再取N行结果集
采用INNER JOIN优化,JOIN子句里也优先从索引获取ID列表,然后直接关联查询获得最终结果

mysql> SELECT
    -> a.uid,
    -> count(b.oid) AS total
    -> FROM
    -> table1 AS a
    -> LEFT JOIN table2 AS b ON a.uid = b.uid
    -> WHERE
    -> a. NAME = 'mike'
    -> GROUP BY
    -> a.uid
    -> HAVING
    -> count(b.oid) < 2
    -> ORDER BY
    -> total DESC
    -> LIMIT 1;
+-----+-------+
| uid | total |
+-----+-------+
| ccc |     1 |
+-----+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

参考:https://www.cnblogs.com/annsshadow/p/5037667.html

  • 0
    点赞
  • 0
    收藏
    觉得还不错? 一键收藏
  • 0
    评论

“相关推荐”对你有帮助么?

  • 非常没帮助
  • 没帮助
  • 一般
  • 有帮助
  • 非常有帮助
提交
评论
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

红包个数最小为10个

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43前往充值 >
需支付:10.00
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包
实付
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明:

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币,按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载,可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值