计算均衡||博弈论||Lecture 1 Static Games of Complete Information||纳什均衡、完美均衡、适度均衡

计算均衡||博弈论

Lecture 1 Static Games of Complete Information

1.1 Nash equilibrium

• definition: Nash(1950) formulated the concept of NE.

1.2 Perfect Equilibrium

• As a refifinement of Nash equilibrium, Selten (1975) formulated the concept of perfect equilibrium.

• Perfect equilibrium is a strict refinement of Nash equilibrium. The essential idea behind Selten’s notion of perfect equilibrium is that no strategy should ever be given zero probability. Perfect equilibria form a nonempty subset of Nash equilibria.

• definition: Selten (1975) formulated the concept of ε-perfect equilibrium

  tip: total mixed means that the probability should be positive

Any limit of a sequence of ε_k-perfect equilibria with ε_k → 0is a perfect equilibrium.

1.3 Proper Equilibrium and Perfect d-Proper Equilibrium

Myerson thinks that the perfectness concept does not eliminate all counterintuitive equilibria. Then a refinement of the perfectness concept: proper equilibrium.

• The basic idea behind Myerson’s notion of proper equilibrium: a player will try much harder to prevent a more costly mistake. Therefore, a player will make a more costly mistake with a much smaller probability than a less costly one.

• Proper equilibrium is a strict refifinement of perfect equilibrium.

• Proper equilibria form a nonempty subset of perfect equilibria.

• Definition: Myerson (1978) formulated the concept of ε-proper equilibrium.

• Refinement of proper equilibrium by Milgrom and Mollner (2018): Extended Proper Equilibrium

• An example: