静态库和动态库

Linux下的库有两种:动态库和静态库,二者的不同点在于代码被载入的时刻不同.

静态库对函数库的链接是放在编绎时期完成的(compile time).

动态库把对一些库函数的链接推迟到程序运行的时期(run time).

创建静态库(libXXX.a):

建立 printHello.c  printHello.h 文件

ubuntu@ubuntu-virtual-machine:~/unix/staticLib$ gcc -c printHello.c  -o printHello.o          //生成.o文件
ubuntu@ubuntu-virtual-machine:~/unix/staticLib$ ar crs libprintHello.a printHello.o           //生成.a文件命名规范:libXXX.a

ubuntu@ubuntu-virtual-machine:~/unix/staticLib$ gcc testPrintHello.c -o testPrintHello -L. -lprintHello //编绎,生成可执行文件
ubuntu@ubuntu-virtual-machine:~/unix/staticLib$ ls
core  libprintHello.a  printHello.c  printHello.h  printHello.o  testPrintHello  testPrintHello.c
ubuntu@ubuntu-virtual-machine:~/unix/staticLib$ ./testPrintHello
hello,(null)
ubuntu@ubuntu-virtual-machine:~/unix/staticLib$ ./testPrintHello go
hello,go

 

创建动态库(libXXX.so):

建立printHello.c printHello.h文件

ubuntu@ubuntu-virtual-machine:~/unix/sharedLib$ gcc -fPIC -c printHello.c  //PIC创建与地址无关的编绎程序
ubuntu@ubuntu-virtual-machine:~/unix/sharedLib$ ls
core  printHello.c  printHello.h  printHello.o  test.c
ubuntu@ubuntu-virtual-machine:~/unix/sharedLib$ gcc printHello.o -shared -o libprintHello.so
ubuntu@ubuntu-virtual-machine:~/unix/sharedLib$ ls
core  printHello.c  printHello.h  printHello.o  libprintHello.so  test.c
ubuntu@ubuntu-virtual-machine:~/unix/sharedLib$

执行要用到此动态库的文件,得让系统可以找到.so文件,有三种方法

1.把库拷贝到/usr/lib或/lib下

2.在 LD_LIBRARY_PATH环境变量中加上库所在路径

ubuntu@ubuntu-virtual-machine:~/unix/sharedLib$ export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=`pwd`
ubuntu@ubuntu-virtual-machine:~/unix/sharedLib$ echo $LD_LIBRARY_PATH
/home/ubuntu/unix/sharedLib
ubuntu@ubuntu-virtual-machine:~/unix/sharedLib$

3.添加配置文件,再用ldconfig刷新

ubuntu@ubuntu-virtual-machine:/etc/ld.so.conf.d$ ls
GL.conf  i686-linux-gnu.conf  libasound2.conf  libc.conf  my.conf  vmware-tools-libraries.conf
ubuntu@ubuntu-virtual-machine:/etc/ld.so.conf.d$ sudo ldconfig
[sudo] password for ubuntu:
ubuntu@ubuntu-virtual-machine:/etc/ld.so.conf.d$ cat my.conf
/home/ubuntu/unix/sharedLib

执行程序

ubuntu@ubuntu-virtual-machine:~/unix/sharedLib$ gcc test.c -lprintHello -o printHello
/usr/bin/ld: cannot find -lprintHello
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
ubuntu@ubuntu-virtual-machine:~/unix/sharedLib$ gcc test.c -L. -lprintHello -o printHello

ubuntu@ubuntu-virtual-machine:~/unix/sharedLib$ ./printHello success
hello,success
ubuntu@ubuntu-virtual-machine:~/unix/sharedLib$