第一篇

 1 EST(expressed sequence tags,ESTs ): 表达序列标签，是指从不同组织来源的cDNA序列。这一概念首次由Adams等于1991年提出。近年来由此形成的技术路线被广泛应用于基因识别、绘制基因表达图谱、寻 找新基因等研究领域，并且取得了显著成效。在通过mRNA差异显示、代表性差异分析等方法获得未知基因的cDNA部分序列后，研究者都迫切希望克隆到其全 长cDNA序列，以便对该基因的功能进行研究。

2  Microarray analysis： Microarray analysis techniques are used in interpreting the data generated from experiments on DNA, RNA, and protein microarrays , which allow researchers to investigate the expression state of a large number of genes - in many cases, an organism's entire genome - in a single experiment. Such experiments generate a very large volume of genetic data that can be difficult to analyze, especially in the absence of good gene annotation.

3 about the Kosambi centimorgan:

The map distance between two markers is defined as the mean number of recombination events, involving a given chromatid, in that region per 

meiosis.  This is usually expressed in centimorgans (cM).  A map distance of 100 cM corresponds to an average of one recombination event per gamete.  

The relation between map distance and recombination frequency (and vice versa) is expressed by a genetic mapping function (mf)
. Different mapping 

functions correspond to different assumed degrees of interference in crossing over.  Interference is the phenomenon that recombination events 

in adjacent regions of a chromosome are not independent; in a classic three  point test it results in a number of double recombinants which differs from 

what is to be expected on the basis of independence.  The most commonly used mapping functions are Haldane's (Haldane, 1919) and Kosambi's

(Kosambi, 1944) mf." 



  Haldane, J.B.S 1919.  The combination of linkage values, and the 

  calculation of distance between linked factors. J. Genet. 8:299-309.



  Kosambi, D.D. 1944.  The estimation of map distance from recombination 

  values.  Ann. Eugen. 12:172-175.