Problem Description
Below are two faulty programs. Each includes a test case that results in failure. Answer the following questions (in the next slide) about each program.
public int findLast (int[] x, int y) {
//Effects: If x==null throw
NullPointerException
// else return the index of the last element
// in x that equals y.
// If no such element exists, return -1
for (int i=x.length-1; i > 0; i--) {
if (x[i] == y) {
return i;
}
}
return -1;
}
// test: x=[2, 3, 5]; y = 2
// Expected = 0
public static int lastZero (int[] x) {
//Effects: if x==null throw
NullPointerException
// else return the index of the LAST 0 in x.
// Return -1 if 0 does not occur in x
for (int i = 0; i < x.length; i++) {
if (x[i] == 0) {
return i;
}
}
return -1;
}
// test: x=[0, 1, 0]
// Expected = 2
Questions
- 1 Identify the fault.
- 2 If possible, identify a test case that does not execute the fault. (Reachability)
- 3 If possible, identify a test case that executes the fault, but does not result in an error state.
- 4 If possible identify a test case that results in an error, but not a failure.
Solutions
The 1st
1). 故障(Fault):循环控制元素应为i >= 0.
2). 当x为空时代码不会抵达错误地点。
3). 当x中等于y的最后一个元素不是x[0]时,如x = [1, 5, 9, 6, 87, 9, 54], y = 9时,虽然运行到了出错代码,但并不会出现错误结果。
4). 当x中只有一个元素时,会永远返回-1;当x = [8], y = 8时,出现Error和Failure;当x = [8], y = 3时,出现Error,但没有Failure。
The 2nd
1). 故障(Fault):循环控制元素应为for (int i = x.length; i >=0; i--).
2). 程序总会抵达错误地点。
3). 当x中只有一个元素时,如x = [1]时,虽然运行到了出错代码,但并不会出现错误。
4). 当x中只有一个0或没有0时,如当x = [8,0,5,4]时,程序运行出现Error,但没有Failure。