一、sprapy爬虫框架
pip install pypiwin32
1) 创建爬虫框架
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scrapy startproject Project # 创建爬虫项目
You can start your first spider with:
cd Project
scrapy genspider example example.com
cd Project # 进入项目
scrapy genspider chouti chouti.com # 创建爬虫
2)执行爬虫
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class ChoutiSpider(scrapy.Spider): name = 'chouti' allowed_domains = ['chouti.com'] # start_urls = ['http://dig.chouti.com/'] # start_urls = ['http://www.autohome.com.cn/news'] def parse(self, response): # response 访问网页的后的返回值 print(response) # <200 https://www.autohome.com.cn/news/> print(response.url) # https://www.autohome.com.cn/news/
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(debug模式) scrapy --help 参数帮助 pip install pypiwin32 # 执行爬虫的依赖包 scrapy crawl chouti # 执行爬虫,查看经过的中间键 # 常用执行爬虫操作 scrapy crawl chouti --nolog # 执行爬虫
3)处理显示编码
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import scrapy import sys import io sys.stdout = io.TextIOWrapper(sys.stdout.buffer,encoding='gb18030') # 处理显示编码 class ChoutiSpider(scrapy.Spider): ......... def parse(self, response): content = str(response.body,encoding='utf-8') print(content)
4.1)寻找标签:from scrapy.selector import Selector,HtmlXPathSelector
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class ChoutiSpider(scrapy.Spider): name = 'chouti' allowed_domains = ['chouti.com'] # start_urls = ['http://dig.chouti.com/'] start_urls = ['http://www.autohome.com.cn/news'] def parse(self, response): ''' # # response 访问网页的后的返回值 # print(response) # <200 https://www.autohome.com.cn/news/> # # 查看访问的地址 # print(response.url) # https://www.autohome.com.cn/news/ # 获取到网页文本代码 # print(response.text) # 网页代码 print(response.body) ''' # 第一种 找到整个文档所有的 a 便签 # hax = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a') # 标签对象列表 # for i in hax: # print(i) # 便签对象 # 第二种 找到所有的div标签且属性是 id="content-list" # hax = Selector(response=response).xpath('//div[@id="content-list"]').extract() # 拿到便签非标签对象 # 第三种 找到所有的div标签且属性是 id="content-list",并寻找它的儿子标签 (/) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//div[@id="content-list"]/div[@class="item"]').extract() # 标签对象转换成字符串 # for i in hxs: # print(i) # 第四种 找到所有的div标签且属性是 id="content-list",并寻找它的儿子标签 (/) hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//div[@id="content-list"]/div[@class="item"]') for obj in hxs: # 在当前标签下取所有的a 标签 .//a a = obj.xpath('.//a[@class="show-content"]/text()').extract() # a = obj.xpath('.//a[@class="show-content"]/text()').extract_first() # 拿列表的第一个 # print(a) print(a.strip()) # 去除空白
常用标签寻找总结
// 表示子孙中 .// 当前对象的子孙中 / 儿子 /div 儿子中的div标签 /div[@id="i1"] 儿子中的div标签且id=i1 /div[@id="i1"] 儿子中的div标签且id=i1 obj.extract() # 列表中的每一个对象转换字符串 =》 [] obj.extract_first() # 列表中的每一个对象转换字符串 => 列表第一个元素 //div/text() 获取某个标签的文本
hax = Selector(response=response).xpath('//div[@id="dig_lepage"]//a/text()') # 拿内容
hax = Selector(response=response).xpath('//div[@id="dig_lepage"]//a/@href') # 拿标签属性
# starts-with(@href, "/all/hot/recent/ 以什么开头
hax = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[starts-with(@href, "/all/hot/recent/")]/@href').extract()
# 正则取
hxs2 = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[re:test(@href, "/all/hot/recent/\d+")]/@href').extract()
print(response.meta) 查询寻找深度
4.2)所有选择器示例归纳
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response = HtmlResponse(url='http://example.com', body=html,encoding='utf-8') # hxs = HtmlXPathSelector(response) # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[2]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[@id]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[@id="i1"]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[@href="link.html"][@id="i1"]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[contains(@href, "link")]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[starts-with(@href, "link")]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[re:test(@id, "i\d+")]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[re:test(@id, "i\d+")]/text()').extract() # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[re:test(@id, "i\d+")]/@href').extract() # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('/html/body/ul/li/a/@href').extract() # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//body/ul/li/a/@href').extract_first() # print(hxs) # ul_list = Selector(response=response).xpath('//body/ul/li') # for item in ul_list: # v = item.xpath('./a/span') # # 或 # # v = item.xpath('a/span') # # 或 # # v = item.xpath('*/a/span') # print(v)
5.1)获取当前页的所有页面,即a 标签的href属性内容
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class ChoutiSpider(scrapy.Spider): name = 'chouti' allowed_domains = ['chouti.com'] # start_urls = ['http://dig.chouti.com/'] start_urls = ['http://www.autohome.com.cn/news'] visited_urls = set() def parse(self, response): # 获取当前页的所有页码 ''' hax = Selector(response=response).xpath('//div[@id="dig_lepage"]//a/@href').extract() for item in hax: print(item) # 可能有重复的页面 ''' hax = Selector(response=response).xpath('//div[@id="dig_lepage"]//a/@href').extract() for item in hax: if item in self.visited_urls: print('已经存在') else: self.visited_urls.add(item) print(item)
对url内容加密保存
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class ChoutiSpider(scrapy.Spider): name = 'chouti' allowed_domains = ['chouti.com'] # start_urls = ['http://dig.chouti.com/'] start_urls = ['http://www.autohome.com.cn/news'] visited_urls = set() def parse(self, response): hax = Selector(response=response).xpath('//div[@id="dig_lepage"]//a/@href').extract() for url in hax: md5_url = self.md5(url) if url in self.visited_urls: print('已经存在') else: self.visited_urls.add(md5_url) print(url) def md5(self,url): import hashlib obj = hashlib.md5() obj.update(bytes(url,encoding='utf-8')) return obj.hexdigest()
5.2)获取该网站的所有页面
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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import scrapy from scrapy.selector import Selector,HtmlXPathSelector from scrapy.http import Request import sys import io sys.stdout = io.TextIOWrapper(sys.stdout.buffer,encoding='gb18030') # 处理显示编码 class ChoutiSpider(scrapy.Spider): name = 'chouti' allowed_domains = ['chouti.com'] # start_urls = ['http://dig.chouti.com/'] start_urls = ['http://www.autohome.com.cn/news'] visited_urls = set() def parse(self, response): hax = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[starts-with(@href, "/all/hot/recent/")]/@href').extract() for url in hax: md5_url = self.md5(url) if url in self.visited_urls: pass else: print(url) self.visited_urls.add(md5_url) url = "http://dig.chouti.com%s" %url # 将新要访问的url添加到调度器 yield Request(url=url,callback=self.parse) def md5(self,url): import hashlib obj = hashlib.md5() obj.update(bytes(url,encoding='utf-8')) return obj.hexdigest()
5.3)设置访问深度,即不获取到所有的页面,递归寻找的层数
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#配置文件最后写入 DEPIH_LIMIT = 1
6)数据保存操作
配置文件取消注释pipeline
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ITEM_PIPELINES = { 'Project.pipelines.ProjectPipeline': 300, }
定义保存的数据类字段名
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class ChoutiItem(scrapy.Item): # define the fields for your item here like: # name = scrapy.Field() title = scrapy.Field() href = scrapy.Field()
将获取的对象传递给pipelines进行持久化保存
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def parse(self, response): hxs1 = Selector(response=response).xpath('//div[@id="content-list"]/div[@class="item"]') # 标签对象列表 for obj in hxs1: title = obj.xpath('.//a[@class="show-content"]/text()').extract_first().strip() href = obj.xpath('.//a[@class="show-content"]/@href').extract_first().strip() item_obj = ChoutiItem(title=title,href=href) # 将item 对象传递给pipeline yield item_obj
6.1)写入文件
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class ProjectPipeline(object): def process_item(self, item, spider): print(spider,item) tpl = "%s\n%s\n\n" %(item['item'],item['href']) f = open('news.json','a') f.write(tpl) f.close()
7)知识小结
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命令: scrapy startproject xxx cd xxx scrapy genspider name name.com scrapy crawl name 编写代码: a. name不能省略 b. start_urls,起始URL地址 c. allowed_domains = ["chouti.com"] 允许的域名 d. 重写start_requests,指定初始处理请求的函数 def start_requests(self): for url in self.start_urls: yield Request(url,callback=self.parse1) e. 响应response repsonse.url repsonse.text repsonse.body response.meta = {'depth': ‘深度’} f. 采集数据 Selector(response=response).xpath() //div //div[@id="i1"] //div[starts-with(@id,"i1")] //div[re:test(@id,"i1")] //div/a # obj.xpath('./') obj.xpath('.//') //div/a/text() //div/a/@href Selector().extract() Selector().extract_first() //a[@id] //a/@id g. yield Request(url='',callback='xx') h. yield Item(name='xx',titile='xxx') i. pipeline class Foo: def process_item(self,item,spider): .... settings = { "xx.xx.xxx.Foo1": 300, # 谁小谁先执行 "xx.xx.xxx.Foo2": 400, }
二、scrapy框架知识补充
from scrapy.dupefilter import RFPDupeFilter # 查看去重的url源代码,在编写自己的
1)自定义类,url去重,内容保存方式
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class RepeatFilter(object): def __init__(self): # 2 self.visited_set = set() @classmethod def from_settings(cls, settings): # 1 return cls() def request_seen(self, request): # 4 if request.url in self.visited_set: return True self.visited_set.add(request.url) return False def open(self): # can return deferred # 3 # print('open') pass def close(self, reason): # can return a deferred # 5 # print('close') pass def log(self, request, spider): # log that a request has been filtered # print('log....') pass
配置文件引入自定义类
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DUPEFILTER_CLASS = "day96.duplication.RepeatFilter" # 自定义的 # DUPEFILTER_CLASS = "scrapy.dupefilters.RFPDupeFilter" # scrapy框架自带的
主逻辑文件调用回调函数
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class ChoutiSpider(scrapy.Spider): name = 'chouti' allowed_domains = ['chouti.com'] # start_urls = ['http://dig.chouti.com/'] start_urls = ['http://www.autohome.com.cn/news'] def parse(self, response): hax2 = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[starts-with(@href, "/all/hot/recent/")]/@href').extract() for url in hax2: url = "http://dig.chouti.com%s" %url yield Request(url=url,callback=self.parse)
2.1)pipelines数据库持久化补充(分工明细)
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class ProjectPipeline(object): def __init__(self,conn_str): # 数据的初始化 self.conn_str = conn_str @classmethod def from_crawler(cls, crawler): """ 初始化时候,用于创建pipeline对象,读取配置文件 :param crawler: :return: """ conn_str = crawler.settings.get('DB') return cls(conn_str) def open_spider(self,spider): """ 爬虫开始执行时,调用 :param spider: :return: """ print('000000') self.conn = open(self.conn_str,'a') def close_spider(self,spider): """ 爬虫关闭时,被调用 :param spider: :return: """ print('1111111') self.conn.close() def process_item(self, item, spider): # 每当数据需要持久化时,就需要被调用 # if spider.name == "chouti": tpl = "%s\n%s\n\n" %(item['item'],item['href']) self.conn.write(tpl)
2.2)如果有多个pipelines时,是否考虑让下一个执行
配置文件配置pipelines。根据执行顺序考虑谁先谁后
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ITEM_PIPELINES = { 'day96.pipelines.Day96Pipeline': 300, 'day96.pipelines.Day97Pipeline': 200, }
from scrapy.exceptions import DropItem
根据返回值决定是否交给下一个pipelines执行
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class ProjectPipeline(object): def __init__(self,conn_str): # 数据的初始化 self.conn_str = conn_str @classmethod def from_crawler(cls, crawler): """ 初始化时候,用于创建pipeline对象,读取配置文件 :param crawler: :return: """ conn_str = crawler.settings.get('DB') return cls(conn_str) def open_spider(self,spider): """ 爬虫开始执行时,调用 :param spider: :return: """ print('000000') self.conn = open(self.conn_str,'a') def close_spider(self,spider): """ 爬虫关闭时,被调用 :param spider: :return: """ print('1111111') self.conn.close() def process_item(self, item, spider): # 每当数据需要持久化时,就需要被调用 # if spider.name == "chouti": tpl = "%s\n%s\n\n" %(item['item'],item['href']) self.conn.write(tpl) # 交给下一个pipeline处理 return item # 丢弃item,不交给下一个pipeline处理 # raise DropItem() class ProjectPipeline2(object): pass
2.3)pipelines总结
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pipeline补充 from scrapy.exceptions import DropItem class Day96Pipeline(object): def __init__(self,conn_str): self.conn_str = conn_str @classmethod def from_crawler(cls, crawler): """ 初始化时候,用于创建pipeline对象 :param crawler: :return: """ conn_str = crawler.settings.get('DB') return cls(conn_str) def open_spider(self,spider): """ 爬虫开始执行时,调用 :param spider: :return: """ self.conn = open(self.conn_str, 'a') def close_spider(self,spider): """ 爬虫关闭时,被调用 :param spider: :return: """ self.conn.close() def process_item(self, item, spider): """ 每当数据需要持久化时,就会被调用 :param item: :param spider: :return: """ # if spider.name == 'chouti' tpl = "%s\n%s\n\n" %(item['title'],item['href']) self.conn.write(tpl) # 交给下一个pipeline处理 return item # 丢弃item,不交给 # raise DropItem() """ 4个方法 crawler.settings.get('setting中的配置文件名称且必须大写') process_item方法中,如果抛出异常DropItem表示终止,否则继续交给后续的pipeline处理 spider进行判断 """
3.1)使用cookie登录抽屉,验证是否成功
from scrapy.http.cookies import CookieJar 导入cookies模块
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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import scrapy import sys import io from scrapy.http import Request from scrapy.selector import Selector, HtmlXPathSelector from ..items import ChoutiItem sys.stdout = io.TextIOWrapper(sys.stdout.buffer,encoding='gb18030') from scrapy.http.cookies import CookieJar class ChoutiSpider(scrapy.Spider): name = "chouti" allowed_domains = ["chouti.com",] start_urls = ['http://dig.chouti.com/'] def parse(self, response): cookie_obj = CookieJar() cookie_obj.extract_cookies(response,response.request) # print(cookie_obj._cookies) # 查看cookie # 带上用户名密码+cookie yield Request( url="http://dig.chouti.com/login", method='POST', body = "phone=8615331254089&password=woshiniba&oneMonth=1", headers={'Content-Type': "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8"}, cookies=cookie_obj._cookies, callback=self.check_login ) def check_login(self,response): print(response.text) # 验证是否登录成功
登录成功的信息
3.2)首页的当前页点赞
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import scrapy import sys import io from scrapy.http import Request from scrapy.selector import Selector, HtmlXPathSelector from ..items import ChoutiItem sys.stdout = io.TextIOWrapper(sys.stdout.buffer,encoding='gb18030') from scrapy.http.cookies import CookieJar class ChoutiSpider(scrapy.Spider): name = "chouti" allowed_domains = ["chouti.com",] start_urls = ['http://dig.chouti.com/'] cookie_dict = None def parse(self, response): cookie_obj = CookieJar() cookie_obj.extract_cookies(response,response.request) # print(cookie_obj._cookies) # 查看cookie self.cookie_dict = cookie_obj._cookies # 带上用户名密码+cookie yield Request( url="http://dig.chouti.com/login", method='POST', body = "phone=8615331254089&password=woshiniba&oneMonth=1", headers={'Content-Type': "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8"}, cookies=cookie_obj._cookies, callback=self.check_login ) def check_login(self,response): print(response.text) # 验证是否登录成功 # 如果成功 yield Request(url="http://dig.chouti.com/",callback=self.good) def good(self,response): id_list = Selector(response=response).xpath('//div[@share-linkid]/@share-linkid').extract() for nid in id_list: print(nid) url = "http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=%s" % nid yield Request( url=url, method="POST", cookies=self.cookie_dict, callback=self.show # 对发送点赞请求的返回数据 ) def show(self,response): # 查看是否点赞成功 print(response.text)
3.3)为所有的页面点赞
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import scrapy import sys import io from scrapy.http import Request from scrapy.selector import Selector, HtmlXPathSelector from ..items import ChoutiItem sys.stdout = io.TextIOWrapper(sys.stdout.buffer,encoding='gb18030') from scrapy.http.cookies import CookieJar class ChoutiSpider(scrapy.Spider): name = "chouti" allowed_domains = ["chouti.com",] start_urls = ['http://dig.chouti.com/'] cookie_dict = None def parse(self, response): cookie_obj = CookieJar() cookie_obj.extract_cookies(response,response.request) # print(cookie_obj._cookies) # 查看cookie self.cookie_dict = cookie_obj._cookies # 带上用户名密码+cookie yield Request( url="http://dig.chouti.com/login", method='POST', body = "phone=8615331254089&password=woshiniba&oneMonth=1", headers={'Content-Type': "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8"}, cookies=cookie_obj._cookies, callback=self.check_login ) def check_login(self,response): print(response.text) # 验证是否登录成功 # 如果成功 yield Request(url="http://dig.chouti.com/",callback=self.good) def good(self,response): id_list = Selector(response=response).xpath('//div[@share-linkid]/@share-linkid').extract() for nid in id_list: print(nid) url = "http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=%s" % nid yield Request( url=url, method="POST", cookies=self.cookie_dict, callback=self.show # 对发送点赞请求的返回数据 ) # 找到所有的页面 page_urls = Selector(response=response).xpath('//div[@id="dig_lcpage"]//a/@href').extract() for page in page_urls: url = "http://dig.chouti.com%s" % page yield Request(url=url,callback=self.good) # 回调自己,为所有的页面内容点赞 def show(self,response): # 查看是否点赞成功 print(response.text)
配置文件设置访问深度,可以指定到页面的深度点赞
3.4)cookies小结
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
Cookie问题 from scrapy.http.cookies import CookieJar cookie_obj = CookieJar() cookie_obj.extract_cookies(response,response.request) print(cookie_obj._cookies)
4)scrapy框架扩展
from scrapy.extensions.telnet import TelnetConsole 查看模拟扩展的源代码
自定义扩展内容
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
from scrapy import signals class MyExtend: def __init__(self,crawler): self.crawler = crawler # 钩子上挂障碍物 # 在指定信号上注册操作 crawler.signals.connect(self.start, signals.engine_started) crawler.signals.connect(self.close, signals.spider_closed) @classmethod def from_crawler(cls, crawler): return cls(crawler) def start(self): print('signals.engine_started.start') def close(self): print('signals.spider_closed.close')
配置文件引入extension.py
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
EXTENSIONS = { # 'scrapy.extensions.telnet.TelnetConsole': None, 'day96.extensions.MyExtend': 300, }
5)配置文件详解
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- # Scrapy settings for step8_king project # # For simplicity, this file contains only settings considered important or # commonly used. You can find more settings consulting the documentation: # # http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html # http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html # http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html # 1. 爬虫名称 BOT_NAME = 'step8_king' # 2. 爬虫应用路径 SPIDER_MODULES = ['step8_king.spiders'] NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'step8_king.spiders' # Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent # 3. 客户端 user-agent请求头 # USER_AGENT = 'step8_king (+http://www.yourdomain.com)' # Obey robots.txt rules # 4. 禁止爬虫配置 # ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False # Configure maximum concurrent requests performed by Scrapy (default: 16) # 5. 并发请求数 # CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 4 # Configure a delay for requests for the same website (default: 0) # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-delay # See also autothrottle settings and docs # 6. 延迟下载秒数 # DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 2 # The download delay setting will honor only one of: # 7. 单域名访问并发数,并且延迟下次秒数也应用在每个域名 # CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 2 # 单IP访问并发数,如果有值则忽略:CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN,并且延迟下次秒数也应用在每个IP # CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 3 # Disable cookies (enabled by default) # 8. 是否支持cookie,cookiejar进行操作cookie # COOKIES_ENABLED = True # COOKIES_DEBUG = True # Disable Telnet Console (enabled by default) # 9. Telnet用于查看当前爬虫的信息,操作爬虫等... # 使用telnet ip port ,然后通过命令操作 # TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = True # TELNETCONSOLE_HOST = '127.0.0.1' # TELNETCONSOLE_PORT = [6023,] # 10. 默认请求头 # Override the default request headers: # DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = { # 'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8', # 'Accept-Language': 'en', # } # Configure item pipelines # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html # 11. 定义pipeline处理请求 # ITEM_PIPELINES = { # 'step8_king.pipelines.JsonPipeline': 700, # 'step8_king.pipelines.FilePipeline': 500, # } # 12. 自定义扩展,基于信号进行调用 # Enable or disable extensions # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html # EXTENSIONS = { # # 'step8_king.extensions.MyExtension': 500, # } # 13. 爬虫允许的最大深度,可以通过meta查看当前深度;0表示无深度 # DEPTH_LIMIT = 3 # 14. 爬取时,0表示深度优先Lifo(默认);1表示广度优先FiFo # 后进先出,深度优先 # DEPTH_PRIORITY = 0 # SCHEDULER_DISK_QUEUE = 'scrapy.squeue.PickleLifoDiskQueue' # SCHEDULER_MEMORY_QUEUE = 'scrapy.squeue.LifoMemoryQueue' # 先进先出,广度优先 # DEPTH_PRIORITY = 1 # SCHEDULER_DISK_QUEUE = 'scrapy.squeue.PickleFifoDiskQueue' # SCHEDULER_MEMORY_QUEUE = 'scrapy.squeue.FifoMemoryQueue' # 15. 调度器队列 # SCHEDULER = 'scrapy.core.scheduler.Scheduler' # from scrapy.core.scheduler import Scheduler # 16. 访问URL去重 # DUPEFILTER_CLASS = 'step8_king.duplication.RepeatUrl' # Enable and configure the AutoThrottle extension (disabled by default) # See http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html """ 17. 自动限速算法 from scrapy.contrib.throttle import AutoThrottle 自动限速设置 1. 获取最小延迟 DOWNLOAD_DELAY 2. 获取最大延迟 AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY 3. 设置初始下载延迟 AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY 4. 当请求下载完成后,获取其"连接"时间 latency,即:请求连接到接受到响应头之间的时间 5. 用于计算的... AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY target_delay = latency / self.target_concurrency new_delay = (slot.delay + target_delay) / 2.0 # 表示上一次的延迟时间 new_delay = max(target_delay, new_delay) new_delay = min(max(self.mindelay, new_delay), self.maxdelay) slot.delay = new_delay """ # 开始自动限速 # AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True # The initial download delay # 初始下载延迟 # AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5 # The maximum download delay to be set in case of high latencies # 最大下载延迟 # AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 10 # The average number of requests Scrapy should be sending in parallel to each remote server # 平均每秒并发数 # AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 1.0 # Enable showing throttling stats for every response received: # 是否显示 # AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = True # Enable and configure HTTP caching (disabled by default) # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings """ 18. 启用缓存 目的用于将已经发送的请求或相应缓存下来,以便以后使用 from scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpcache import HttpCacheMiddleware from scrapy.extensions.httpcache import DummyPolicy from scrapy.extensions.httpcache import FilesystemCacheStorage """ # 是否启用缓存策略 # HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True # 缓存策略:所有请求均缓存,下次在请求直接访问原来的缓存即可 # HTTPCACHE_POLICY = "scrapy.extensions.httpcache.DummyPolicy" # 缓存策略:根据Http响应头:Cache-Control、Last-Modified 等进行缓存的策略 # HTTPCACHE_POLICY = "scrapy.extensions.httpcache.RFC2616Policy" # 缓存超时时间 # HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0 # 缓存保存路径 # HTTPCACHE_DIR = 'httpcache' # 缓存忽略的Http状态码 # HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = [] # 缓存存储的插件 # HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = 'scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage' """ 19. 代理,需要在环境变量中设置 from scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpproxy import HttpProxyMiddleware 方式一:使用默认 os.environ { http_proxy:http://root:woshiniba@192.168.11.11:9999/ https_proxy:http://192.168.11.11:9999/ } 方式二:使用自定义下载中间件 def to_bytes(text, encoding=None, errors='strict'): if isinstance(text, bytes): return text if not isinstance(text, six.string_types): raise TypeError('to_bytes must receive a unicode, str or bytes ' 'object, got %s' % type(text).__name__) if encoding is None: encoding = 'utf-8' return text.encode(encoding, errors) class ProxyMiddleware(object): def process_request(self, request, spider): PROXIES = [ {'ip_port': '111.11.228.75:80', 'user_pass': ''}, {'ip_port': '120.198.243.22:80', 'user_pass': ''}, {'ip_port': '111.8.60.9:8123', 'user_pass': ''}, {'ip_port': '101.71.27.120:80', 'user_pass': ''}, {'ip_port': '122.96.59.104:80', 'user_pass': ''}, {'ip_port': '122.224.249.122:8088', 'user_pass': ''}, ] proxy = random.choice(PROXIES) if proxy['user_pass'] is not None: request.meta['proxy'] = to_bytes("http://%s" % proxy['ip_port']) encoded_user_pass = base64.encodestring(to_bytes(proxy['user_pass'])) request.headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = to_bytes('Basic ' + encoded_user_pass) print "**************ProxyMiddleware have pass************" + proxy['ip_port'] else: print "**************ProxyMiddleware no pass************" + proxy['ip_port'] request.meta['proxy'] = to_bytes("http://%s" % proxy['ip_port']) DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = { 'step8_king.middlewares.ProxyMiddleware': 500, } """ """ 20. Https访问 Https访问时有两种情况: 1. 要爬取网站使用的可信任证书(默认支持) DOWNLOADER_HTTPCLIENTFACTORY = "scrapy.core.downloader.webclient.ScrapyHTTPClientFactory" DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY = "scrapy.core.downloader.contextfactory.ScrapyClientContextFactory" 2. 要爬取网站使用的自定义证书 DOWNLOADER_HTTPCLIENTFACTORY = "scrapy.core.downloader.webclient.ScrapyHTTPClientFactory" DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY = "step8_king.https.MySSLFactory" # https.py from scrapy.core.downloader.contextfactory import ScrapyClientContextFactory from twisted.internet.ssl import (optionsForClientTLS, CertificateOptions, PrivateCertificate) class MySSLFactory(ScrapyClientContextFactory): def getCertificateOptions(self): from OpenSSL import crypto v1 = crypto.load_privatekey(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, open('/Users/wupeiqi/client.key.unsecure', mode='r').read()) v2 = crypto.load_certificate(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, open('/Users/wupeiqi/client.pem', mode='r').read()) return CertificateOptions( privateKey=v1, # pKey对象 certificate=v2, # X509对象 verify=False, method=getattr(self, 'method', getattr(self, '_ssl_method', None)) ) 其他: 相关类 scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http.HttpDownloadHandler scrapy.core.downloader.webclient.ScrapyHTTPClientFactory scrapy.core.downloader.contextfactory.ScrapyClientContextFactory 相关配置 DOWNLOADER_HTTPCLIENTFACTORY DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY """ """ 21. 爬虫中间件 class SpiderMiddleware(object): def process_spider_input(self,response, spider): ''' 下载完成,执行,然后交给parse处理 :param response: :param spider: :return: ''' pass def process_spider_output(self,response, result, spider): ''' spider处理完成,返回时调用 :param response: :param result: :param spider: :return: 必须返回包含 Request 或 Item 对象的可迭代对象(iterable) ''' return result def process_spider_exception(self,response, exception, spider): ''' 异常调用 :param response: :param exception: :param spider: :return: None,继续交给后续中间件处理异常;含 Response 或 Item 的可迭代对象(iterable),交给调度器或pipeline ''' return None def process_start_requests(self,start_requests, spider): ''' 爬虫启动时调用 :param start_requests: :param spider: :return: 包含 Request 对象的可迭代对象 ''' return start_requests 内置爬虫中间件: 'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.httperror.HttpErrorMiddleware': 50, 'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.offsite.OffsiteMiddleware': 500, 'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.referer.RefererMiddleware': 700, 'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.urllength.UrlLengthMiddleware': 800, 'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.depth.DepthMiddleware': 900, """ # from scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.referer import RefererMiddleware # Enable or disable spider middlewares # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = { # 'step8_king.middlewares.SpiderMiddleware': 543, } """ 22. 下载中间件 class DownMiddleware1(object): def process_request(self, request, spider): ''' 请求需要被下载时,经过所有下载器中间件的process_request调用 :param request: :param spider: :return: None,继续后续中间件去下载; Response对象,停止process_request的执行,开始执行process_response Request对象,停止中间件的执行,将Request重新调度器 raise IgnoreRequest异常,停止process_request的执行,开始执行process_exception ''' pass def process_response(self, request, response, spider): ''' spider处理完成,返回时调用 :param response: :param result: :param spider: :return: Response 对象:转交给其他中间件process_response Request 对象:停止中间件,request会被重新调度下载 raise IgnoreRequest 异常:调用Request.errback ''' print('response1') return response def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider): ''' 当下载处理器(download handler)或 process_request() (下载中间件)抛出异常 :param response: :param exception: :param spider: :return: None:继续交给后续中间件处理异常; Response对象:停止后续process_exception方法 Request对象:停止中间件,request将会被重新调用下载 ''' return None 默认下载中间件 { 'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.robotstxt.RobotsTxtMiddleware': 100, 'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpauth.HttpAuthMiddleware': 300, 'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.downloadtimeout.DownloadTimeoutMiddleware': 350, 'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.useragent.UserAgentMiddleware': 400, 'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.retry.RetryMiddleware': 500, 'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.defaultheaders.DefaultHeadersMiddleware': 550, 'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.redirect.MetaRefreshMiddleware': 580, 'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpcompression.HttpCompressionMiddleware': 590, 'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.redirect.RedirectMiddleware': 600, 'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.cookies.CookiesMiddleware': 700, 'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpproxy.HttpProxyMiddleware': 750, 'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.chunked.ChunkedTransferMiddleware': 830, 'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.stats.DownloaderStats': 850, 'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpcache.HttpCacheMiddleware': 900, } """ # from scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpauth import HttpAuthMiddleware # Enable or disable downloader middlewares # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html # DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = { # 'step8_king.middlewares.DownMiddleware1': 100, # 'step8_king.middlewares.DownMiddleware2': 500, # } settings
5.1)对于缓存策略选择
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
# 缓存策略:所有请求均缓存,下次在请求直接访问原来的缓存即可 # HTTPCACHE_POLICY = "scrapy.extensions.httpcache.DummyPolicy" # 简单粗暴,不建议 # 缓存策略:根据Http响应头:Cache-Control、Last-Modified 等进行缓存的策略 # HTTPCACHE_POLICY = "scrapy.extensions.httpcache.RFC2616Policy" # 可以使用 # 缓存超时时间 # HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0 # 缓存保存路径 # HTTPCACHE_DIR = 'httpcache' # 缓存忽略的Http状态码 # HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = [] # 缓存存储的插件 # HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = 'scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage' # 可以使用
6)下载中间键配置
下载中间键编写
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- # Define here the models for your spider middleware # # See documentation in: # http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html from scrapy import signals from scrapy.core.engine import ExecutionEngine class DownMiddleware1(object): def process_request(self, request, spider): ''' 请求需要被下载时,经过所有下载器中间件的process_request调用 :param request: :param spider: :return: None,继续后续中间件去下载; Response对象,停止process_request的执行,开始执行process_response Request对象,停止中间件的执行,将Request重新调度器 raise IgnoreRequest异常,停止process_request的执行,开始执行process_exception ''' print('DownMiddleware1.process_request',request.url) def process_response(self, request, response, spider): ''' spider处理完成,返回时调用 :param response: :param result: :param spider: :return: Response 对象:转交给其他中间件process_response Request 对象:停止中间件,request会被重新调度下载 raise IgnoreRequest 异常:调用Request.errback ''' print('DownMiddleware1.process_response') return response def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider): ''' 当下载处理器(download handler)或 process_request() (下载中间件)抛出异常 :param response: :param exception: :param spider: :return: None:继续交给后续中间件处理异常; Response对象:停止后续process_exception方法 Request对象:停止中间件,request将会被重新调用下载 ''' return None class DownMiddleware2(object): def process_request(self, request, spider): ''' 请求需要被下载时,经过所有下载器中间件的process_request调用 :param request: :param spider: :return: None,继续后续中间件去下载; Response对象,停止process_request的执行,开始执行process_response Request对象,停止中间件的执行,将Request重新调度器 raise IgnoreRequest异常,停止process_request的执行,开始执行process_exception ''' print('DownMiddleware2.process_request',request.url) def process_response(self, request, response, spider): ''' spider处理完成,返回时调用 :param response: :param result: :param spider: :return: Response 对象:转交给其他中间件process_response Request 对象:停止中间件,request会被重新调度下载 raise IgnoreRequest 异常:调用Request.errback ''' print('DownMiddleware2.process_response') return response
配置文件配置
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
# Enable or disable downloader middlewares # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = { 'day96.middlewares.DownMiddleware1': 540, 'day96.middlewares.DownMiddleware2': 543, }
下载中间件运行流程归纳
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
DownMiddleware1.process_request http://dig.chouti.com/ DownMiddleware2.process_request http://dig.chouti.com/ DownMiddleware2.process_response DownMiddleware1.process_response spider.reponse <200 http://dig.chouti.com/> 1. process_request下载完成,后续无需下载 2. process_response比如有return response
7)spider 爬虫中间件配置
爬虫中间件编写
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
class SpiderMiddleware(object): def process_spider_input(self, response, spider): ''' 下载完成,执行,然后交给parse处理 :param response: :param spider: :return: ''' pass def process_spider_output(self, response, result, spider): ''' spider处理完成,返回时调用 :param response: :param result: :param spider: :return: 必须返回包含 Request 或 Item 对象的可迭代对象(iterable) ''' return result def process_spider_exception(self, response, exception, spider): ''' 异常调用 :param response: :param exception: :param spider: :return: None,继续交给后续中间件处理异常;含 Response 或 Item 的可迭代对象(iterable),交给调度器或pipeline ''' return None def process_start_requests(self, start_requests, spider): ''' 爬虫启动时调用 :param start_requests: :param spider: :return: 包含 Request 对象的可迭代对象 ''' return start_requests
配置文件配置
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8f900a89c6347c561fdf2122f13be562.gif)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/961ddebeb323a10fe0623af514929fc1.gif)
# Enable or disable spider middlewares # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = { 'day96.middlewares.SpiderMiddleware': 543, }
spcrapy框架链接:https://www.cnblogs.com/linhaifeng/articles/7811861.html