heapq模块

堆的定义

堆是一种特殊的树形数据结构，每个节点都有一个值，通常我们所说的堆的数据结构指的是二叉树。堆的特点是根节点的值最大（或者最小），而且根节点的两个孩子也能与孩子节点组成子树，亦然称之为堆。 
堆分为两种，大根堆和小根堆是一颗每一个节点的键值都不小于（大于）其孩子节点的键值的树。无论是大根堆还是小根堆（前提是二叉堆）都可以看成是一颗完全二叉树。下面以图的形式直观感受一下: 

heapq模块

在Python中也对堆这种数据结构进行了模块化，我们可以通过调用heapq模块来建立堆这种数据结构，同时heapq模块也提供了相应的方法来对堆做操作。 heapq模块有以下方法：

__all__ = ['heappush', 'heappop', 'heapify', 'heapreplace', 'merge',
           'nlargest', 'nsmallest', 'heappushpop']

heap = [] #创建了一个空堆 

heappush(heap,item) #往堆中插入一条新的值 

def heappush(heap, item):
    """Push item onto heap, maintaining the heap invariant."""
    heap.append(item)
    _siftdown(heap, 0, len(heap)-1)

heappop(heap) #从堆中弹出最小值 

def heappop(heap):
    """Pop the smallest item off the heap, maintaining the heap invariant."""
    lastelt = heap.pop()    # raises appropriate IndexError if heap is empty
    if heap:
        returnitem = heap[0]
        heap[0] = lastelt
        _siftup(heap, 0)
        return returnitem
    return lastelt

item = heap[0] #查看堆中最小值，不弹出 
heapify(x) #以线性时间讲一个列表转化为堆 

def heapify(x):
    """Transform list into a heap, in-place, in O(len(x)) time."""
    n = len(x)
    # Transform bottom-up.  The largest index there's any point to looking at
    # is the largest with a child index in-range, so must have 2*i + 1 < n,
    # or i < (n-1)/2.  If n is even = 2*j, this is (2*j-1)/2 = j-1/2 so
    # j-1 is the largest, which is n//2 - 1.  If n is odd = 2*j+1, this is
    # (2*j+1-1)/2 = j so j-1 is the largest, and that's again n//2-1.
    for i in reversed(range(n//2)):
        _siftup(x, i)

item = heapreplace(heap,item) #弹出并返回最小值，然后将heapqreplace方法中item的值插入到堆中，堆的整体结构不会发生改变。这里需要考虑到的情况就是如果弹出的值大于item的时候我们可能就需要添加条件来满足function的要求

def heapreplace(heap, item):
    """Pop and return the current smallest value, and add the new item.

   This is more efficient than heappop() followed by heappush(), and can be

    more appropriate when using a fixed-size heap.  Note that the value
    returned may be larger than item!  That constrains reasonable uses of
    this routine unless written as part of a conditional replacement:
        if item > heap[0]:
            item = heapreplace(heap, item)
    """
    return item = heap[0]    # raises appropriate IndexError if heap is empty
    heap[0] = item
    _siftup(heap, 0)
    return returnitem

heappushpop() #将值插入到堆中