虚拟化相关概念与技术整理(2)——硬件辅助虚拟化简介


硬件辅助虚拟化,顾名思义,就是在CPU、芯片组以及I/O设备等硬件中加入专门针对虚拟化的支持,使系统软件可以更高效、更简易的实现虚拟化。


为何需要硬件辅助?原因有三:

1,原有的硬件体系结构在虚拟化方面存在缺陷;

2,由于硬件结构的限制,某些虚拟化功能的软件实现太复杂,比如说影子页表;

3,软件实现的虚拟化性能不佳,比如说I/O设备的虚拟化。


常见的硬件虚拟化技术主要是intel VT 和AMD-V,其实两家的区别真的不是很大,鉴于AMD在server端CPU可怜的市占率,我们还是聊聊intel的VT吧。


intel VT,intel Virtualization Technology,是intel平台上虚拟化技术的总称,包含对CPU、内存、中断、时间、I/O等各方面的虚拟化支持。

在CPU虚拟化方面,有VT-x技术,intel Virtualization Technology for x86;

在内存虚拟化方面,有EPT,Extend Page Table;

在I/O设备虚拟化方面,有VT-d,intel Virtualization Technology for Direct I/O。


个人觉得,这里面CPU和I/O设备的虚拟化(即VT-x和VT-d)则是最常用的也是最重要的,后面的文章将会做稍微详细的介绍。

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In 1998, VMware figured out how to virtualize the x86 platform, once thought to be impossible, and created the market for x86 virtualization. The solution was a combination of binary translation and direct execution on the processor that allowed multiple guest OSes to run in full isolation on the same computer with readily affordable virtualization overhead. The savings that tens of thousands of companies have generated from the deployment of this technology is further driving the rapid adoption of virtualized computing from the desktop to the data center. As new vendors enter the space and attempt to differentiate their products, many are creating confusion with their marketing claims and terminology. For example, while hardware assist is a valuable technique that will mature and expand the envelope of workloads that can be virtualized, paravirtualization is not an entirely new technology that offers an “order of magnitude” greater performance. While this is a complex and rapidly evolving space, the technologies employed can be readily explained to help companies understand their options and choose a path forward. This white paper attempts to clarify the various techniques used to virtualize x86 hardware, the strengths and weaknesses of each, and VMware’s community approach to develop and employ the most effective of the emerging virtualization techniques. Figure 1 provides a summary timeline of x86 virtualization technologies from VMware’s binary translation to the recent application of kernel paravirtualization and hardware-assisted virtualization.
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