单例模式（懒汉模式）线程安全问题

单例模式代码示例

/**
 单例模式（懒汉模式）
*/
public class Singleton {
	private Singleton() {} //私有化构造方法
	
	private static Singleton instance;
	
	public static Singleton getInstance() {
		try {
			Thread.sleep(100);
		} catch (InterruptedException e) {
			// TODO Auto-generated catch block
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
		if(null == instance)
			instance = new Singleton();
		return instance;
	}
}

使用多线程测试线程安全问题

import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;

public class MutiTreadMain {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		ExecutorService threadpool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(20);
		
		for(int i = 0 ; i <20 ; i++) {
			threadpool.execute(new Runnable() {
				public void run() {					
					System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+":"+Singleton.getInstance());
				}
			});
		}
	}
}

结果显而易见懒汉模式是不安全的

为了解决线程不安全问题

方法一：使用synchronized方法同步方法

public class Singleton {
	private Singleton() {} //私有化构造方法
	
	private static Singleton instance;
	
	public static synchronized Singleton getInstance() {
		try {
			Thread.sleep(100);
		} catch (InterruptedException e) {
			// TODO Auto-generated catch block
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
		if(null == instance)
			instance = new Singleton();
		return instance;
	}
}

这样做虽然可以解决问题但 synchronized同步方法会带来极大的cpu开销

方法2 使用synchronized同步代码块只同步初始话实例部分

public class Singleton {
	private Singleton() {} //私有化构造方法
	
	private static Singleton instance;
	
	public static Singleton getInstance() {
		try {
			Thread.sleep(100);
		} catch (InterruptedException e) {
			// TODO Auto-generated catch block
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
		if(null == instance)
		{
			synchronized (Singleton.class) {
				instance = new Singleton();
			}
			
		}
		return instance;
	}
}

这样做实际没有解决线程安全性问题，如果线程A和线程B同时访问getInstance方法的synchronized (Singleton.class)位置

当A实例化了后 ，B线程得到cpu会再次实例导致两个对象不一致

所以需要做双重检测加锁

public class Singleton {
	private Singleton() {} //私有化构造方法
	
	private static Singleton instance;
	
	public static Singleton getInstance() {
		try {
			Thread.sleep(100);
		} catch (InterruptedException e) {
			// TODO Auto-generated catch block
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
		if(null == instance)
		{
			synchronized (Singleton.class) {
				if(null == instance)
					instance = new Singleton();
			}
			
		}
		return instance;
	}
}

最后的问题

jvm重排序

解决办法 添加关键字volatile 修饰成员变量

public class Singleton {
	private Singleton() {} //私有化构造方法
	
	private static volatile Singleton instance;
	
	public static Singleton getInstance() {
		try {
			Thread.sleep(100);
		} catch (InterruptedException e) {
			// TODO Auto-generated catch block
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
		if(null == instance)
		{
			synchronized (Singleton.class) {
				if(null == instance)
					instance = new Singleton();
			}
			
		}
		return instance;
	}
}