Linux0.11内核--启动引导代码分析bootsect.s

最新推荐文章于 2023-03-28 10:36:30 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2023-03-28 10:36:30 发布

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Linux内核中的系统启动引导代码位于／boot目录下

但是，由于。Linus当时是在MINIX系统上开发Linux的，最初MINIX系统上还没有移植gas程序，因此Linus就使用了MINIX系统上的as86。

bootsect需要是16位的实模式程序。目前gas汇编器也支持16位的编译。所以现在也可以直接用as编译器直接编译。

下面是用at&t格式改写的bootsect.s代码

.code16
# rewrite with AT&T syntax by falcon <wuzhangjin@gmail.com> at 081012
#
# SYS_SIZE is the number of clicks (16 bytes) to be loaded.
# 0x3000 is 0x30000 bytes = 196kB, more than enough for current
# versions of linux
#
.equ SYSSIZE, 0x3000
#
# bootsect.s (C) 1991 Linus Torvalds
#
# bootsect.s is loaded at 0x7c00 by the bios-startup routines, and moves
# iself out of the way to address 0x90000, and jumps there.
#
# It then loads 'setup' directly after itself (0x90200), and the system
# at 0x10000, using BIOS interrupts.
#
# NOTE! currently system is at most 8*65536 bytes long. This should be no
# problem, even in the future. I want to keep it simple. This 512 kB
# kernel size should be enough, especially as this doesn't contain the
# buffer cache as in minix
#
# The loader has been made as simple as possible, and continuos
# read errors will result in a unbreakable loop. Reboot by hand. It
# loads pretty fast by getting whole sectors at a time whenever possible.
.global _start, begtext, begdata, begbss, endtext, enddata, endbss
.text
begtext:
.data
begdata:
.bss
begbss:
.text
.equ SETUPLEN, 4 # nr of setup-sectors
.equ BOOTSEG, 0x07c0 # original address of boot-sector
.equ INITSEG, 0x9000 # we move boot here - out of the way
.equ SETUPSEG, 0x9020 # setup starts here
.equ SYSSEG, 0x1000 # system loaded at 0x10000 (65536).
.equ ENDSEG, SYSSEG + SYSSIZE # where to stop loading
# ROOT_DEV: 0x000 - same type of floppy as boot.
# 0x301 - first partition on first drive etc
.equ ROOT_DEV, 0x301
ljmp $BOOTSEG, $_start
_start:
mov $BOOTSEG, %ax
mov %ax, %ds
mov $INITSEG, %ax
mov %ax, %es
mov $256, %cx
sub %si, %si
sub %di, %di
rep
movsw
ljmp $INITSEG, $go
go: mov %cs, %ax
mov %ax, %ds
mov %ax, %es
# put stack at 0x9ff00.
mov %ax, %ss
mov $0xFF00, %sp # arbitrary value >>512
# load the setup-sectors directly after the bootblock.
# Note that 'es' is already set up.
load_setup:
mov $0x0000, %dx # drive 0, head 0
mov $0x0002, %cx # sector 2, track 0
mov $0x0200, %bx # address = 512, in INITSEG
.equ AX, 0x0200+SETUPLEN
mov $AX, %ax # service 2, nr of sectors
int $0x13 # read it
jnc ok_load_setup # ok - continue
mov $0x0000, %dx
mov $0x0000, %ax # reset the diskette
int $0x13
jmp load_setup
ok_load_setup:
# Get disk drive parameters, specifically nr of sectors/track
mov $0x00, %dl
mov $0x0800, %ax # AH=8 is get drive parameters
int $0x13
mov $0x00, %ch
#seg cs
mov %cx, %cs:sectors+0 # %cs means sectors is in %cs
mov $INITSEG, %ax
mov %ax, %es
# Print some inane message
mov $0x03, %ah # read cursor pos
xor %bh, %bh
int $0x10
mov $38, %cx
mov $0x0007, %bx # page 0, attribute 7 (normal)
#lea msg1, %bp
mov $msg1, %bp
mov $0x1301, %ax # write string, move cursor
int $0x10
# ok, we've written the message, now
# we want to load the system (at 0x10000)
mov $SYSSEG, %ax
mov %ax, %es # segment of 0x010000
call read_it
call kill_motor
# After that we check which root-device to use. If the device is
# defined (#= 0), nothing is done and the given device is used.
# Otherwise, either /dev/PS0 (2,28) or /dev/at0 (2,8), depending
# on the number of sectors that the BIOS reports currently.
#seg cs
mov %cs:root_dev+0, %ax
cmp $0, %ax
jne root_defined
#seg cs
mov %cs:sectors+0, %bx
mov $0x0208, %ax # /dev/ps0 - 1.2Mb
cmp $15, %bx
je root_defined
mov $0x021c, %ax # /dev/PS0 - 1.44Mb
cmp $18, %bx
je root_defined
undef_root:
jmp undef_root
root_defined:
#seg cs
mov %ax, %cs:root_dev+0
# after that (everyting loaded), we jump to
# the setup-routine loaded directly after
# the bootblock:
ljmp $SETUPSEG, $0 #jump to 0x9020:0000(setup.s 程序的开始处)
# This routine loads the system at address 0x10000, making sure
# no 64kB boundaries are crossed. We try to load it as fast as
# possible, loading whole tracks whenever we can.
#
# in: es - starting address segment (normally 0x1000)
#
sread: .word 1+ SETUPLEN # sectors read of current track
head: .word 0 # current head
track: .word 0 # current track
read_it:
mov %es, %ax
test $0x0fff, %ax
die: jne die # es must be at 64kB boundary
xor %bx, %bx # bx is starting address within segment
rp_read:
mov %es, %ax
cmp $ENDSEG, %ax # have we loaded all yet?
jb ok1_read
ret
ok1_read:
#seg cs
mov %cs:sectors+0, %ax
sub sread, %ax
mov %ax, %cx
shl $9, %cx
add %bx, %cx
jnc ok2_read
je ok2_read
xor %ax, %ax
sub %bx, %ax
shr $9, %ax
ok2_read:
call read_track
mov %ax, %cx
add sread, %ax
#seg cs
cmp %cs:sectors+0, %ax
jne ok3_read
mov $1, %ax
sub head, %ax
jne ok4_read
incw track
ok4_read:
mov %ax, head
xor %ax, %ax
ok3_read:
mov %ax, sread
shl $9, %cx
add %cx, %bx
jnc rp_read
mov %es, %ax
add $0x1000, %ax
mov %ax, %es
xor %bx, %bx
jmp rp_read
read_track:
push %ax
push %bx
push %cx
push %dx
mov track, %dx
mov sread, %cx
inc %cx
mov %dl, %ch
mov head, %dx
mov %dl, %dh
mov $0, %dl
and $0x0100, %dx
mov $2, %ah
int $0x13
jc bad_rt
pop %dx
pop %cx
pop %bx
pop %ax
ret
bad_rt: mov $0, %ax
mov $0, %dx
int $0x13
pop %dx
pop %cx
pop %bx
pop %ax
jmp read_track
#/*
# * This procedure turns off the floppy drive motor, so
# * that we enter the kernel in a known state, and
# * don't have to worry about it later.
# */
kill_motor:
push %dx
mov $0x3f2, %dx
mov $0, %al
outsb
pop %dx
ret
sectors:
.word 0
msg1:
.byte 13,10
.ascii "Loading system ... compiled by yan!"
.byte 13,10,13,10
.org 508
root_dev:
.word ROOT_DEV
boot_flag:
.word 0xAA55
.text
endtext:
.data
enddata:
.bss
endbss:

系统加电启动时，首先由BIOS读取bootsect代码到地址0x7c00处，然后首先将自己移动至地址0x9000处，大小是256个字，相当于512

字节。

如何实现内存块的复制，运用ds:si->es:di的方式，将ds所指的段移到ps所指的段中去，cx中指定移动的次数。gas中的段间跳转指令 ljmp A,B，其中A代表目标段地址，B代表A段中的偏移值。

然后跳转到移动后代码的下一条语句执行，这是由于

ljmp $INITSEG, $go

跳转后，该指令自动修改CS代码段的值。

移动代码后，由于这是会使用pop,push,call等指令，需要使用堆栈段，所以需要重新设置段基址，0x9ff00。

然后通过BIOS的INT 0x13中断来从磁盘加载setup模块。

＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊

BIOS中断INT 0x13读磁盘功能

读扇区：

ah=0x02 - 读磁盘扇区到内存；a1=需要读出的扇区数量

ch=磁道(柱面)号的低8位； c1=开始扇区(位0-5)，磁道号高2 位(位6-7)；

dh=磁头号； d1=驱动器号(如果是硬盘则位7要置位)，0为当前A驱动器

es:bx->指向数据缓冲区；如果出错则CF标志置位。

＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊

然后再用BIOS的INT 0x13中断读磁盘参数

＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊

BIOS中断INT 0x13取磁盘驱动器参数功能

ah=0x08 dl=驱动器号(如果是硬盘则要置位7为1)

返回信息

如果出错则CF置位，并且ah=状态码

ah=0，al=0，bl=驱动器类型(AT/PS2)

ch=最大磁道号的低8位，cl=每磁道最大扇区数(位0-5)，最大磁道号高2位(位6-7)

dh=最大磁头数，dl=驱动器数量

es:di->软驱磁盘参数表

＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊

然后利用BIOS的INT 0x10中断读取光标位置并且输出信息

＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊

BIOS中断0x10，读光标位置功能

功能号ah=0x03

输入：bh=页号

返回：ch=扫描开始线；cl=扫描结束线；dh=行号(0x00顶端)；dl= 列号(0x00最左边)

＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊

BIOS中断0x10，显示字符串

功能号ah=0x13

输入：al=放置光标的方式及规定属性，0x01表示使用bl中的属性值，光标停留在字符串结尾处。es:bp此寄存器指向要显示的字符串起始位置处。cx=显示的字符串字符数。bh=显示页面号；bl=字符属性，7为normal，dh=行号，dl=列号。

从磁盘上都数据必须位于64KB边界开始处。因为实模式下的寄存器为 16位，所以最大寻址为2^16=64KB，即段限长也为64KB，一次性最大能拷贝的字节数也是64KB。

＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊

.org伪指令

.org 508

指令表示表示后面的指令从地址508开始，linux0.11初始化时根文件系统所在设备号就存放在0x90508(0x90000是bootsect.s程序的开始处)开始的两个字节处。供后面的程序main.c调用。

为什么是508而不是510呢，因为510和511这首个扇区的最后两个字节必须存放0xaa55，作为该盘是有效引导扇区的标志，仅供bios中的程序加载引导扇区时识别使用。

最后加载system到0x10000处。

下面read_it和kill_monitor两个子程序待续.......

下面是加载内存的模块分布和移动。

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