大数据学习之nginx——01安装及相关知识

1. 前提准备

1. 需要安装gcc的环境。

   yum install gcc-c++
   

   

2. 安装第三方的开发包

   1. PCRE

      yum install -y pcre pcre-devel
      

      

   2. zlib

      yum install -y zlib zlib-devel
      

      

   3. openssl

      yum install -y openssl openssl-devel
      

      

3. 可以执行以下命令, 一次性安装

   yum install gcc openssl-devel pcre-devel zlib-devel -y
   

2. 安装tengine

1. 解压

2. 进入tengine目录下执行:

   # /usr/tengine-2.1.0/ 为安装路径
   ./configure --prefix=/usr/tengine-2.1.0/
   

3. 安装

   make && make install
   

3. 运行

1. 启动tengine
   进入tengine的sbin目录
   

2. 启动tengine

   ./nginx
   

3. 访问http://192.168.152.100/
   

4. 重启tengine

   ./nginx -s reload
   

5. 关闭tengine

   ./nginx -s stop
   

4. 设置nginx服务

1. 进入: cd /etc/init.d 目录, 创建nginx文件

   vi /nginx
   

2. nginx文件内容

   #!/bin/sh
   #
   # nginx - this script starts and stops the nginx daemon
   #
   # chkconfig:   - 85 15 
   # description:  Nginx is an HTTP(S) server, HTTP(S) reverse \
   #               proxy and IMAP/POP3 proxy server
   # processname: nginx
   # config:      /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
   # config:      /etc/sysconfig/nginx
   # pidfile:     /var/run/nginx.pid
    
   # Source function library.
   . /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions
    
   # Source networking configuration.
   . /etc/sysconfig/network
    
   # Check that networking is up.
   [ "$NETWORKING" = "no" ] && exit 0
   
   # 修改为自己的路径 
   nginx="/opt/tengine-2.1.0/sbin/nginx"
   prog=$(basename $nginx)
   
   # 修改为自己的路径  
   NGINX_CONF_FILE="/opt/tengine-2.1.0/conf/nginx.conf"
    
   [ -f /etc/sysconfig/nginx ] && . /etc/sysconfig/nginx
    
   lockfile=/var/lock/subsys/nginx
    
   make_dirs() {
      # make required directories
      user=`nginx -V 2>&1 | grep "configure arguments:" | sed 's/[^*]*--user=\([^ ]*\).*/\1/g' -`
      options=`$nginx -V 2>&1 | grep 'configure arguments:'`
      for opt in $options; do
          if [ `echo $opt | grep '.*-temp-path'` ]; then
              value=`echo $opt | cut -d "=" -f 2`
              if [ ! -d "$value" ]; then
                  # echo "creating" $value
                  mkdir -p $value && chown -R $user $value
              fi
          fi
      done
   }
    
   start() {
       [ -x $nginx ] || exit 5
       [ -f $NGINX_CONF_FILE ] || exit 6
       make_dirs
       echo -n $"Starting $prog: "
       daemon $nginx -c $NGINX_CONF_FILE
       retval=$?
       echo
       [ $retval -eq 0 ] && touch $lockfile
       return $retval
   }
    
   stop() {
       echo -n $"Stopping $prog: "
       killproc $prog -QUIT
       retval=$?
       echo
       [ $retval -eq 0 ] && rm -f $lockfile
       return $retval
   }
    
   restart() {
       configtest || return $?
       stop
       sleep 1
       start
   }
    
   reload() {
       configtest || return $?
       echo -n $"Reloading $prog: "
       killproc $nginx -HUP
       RETVAL=$?
       echo
   }
    
   force_reload() {
       restart
   }
    
   configtest() {
     $nginx -t -c $NGINX_CONF_FILE
   }
    
   rh_status() {
       status $prog
   }
    
   rh_status_q() {
       rh_status >/dev/null 2>&1
   }
    
   case "$1" in
       start)
           rh_status_q && exit 0
           $1
           ;;
       stop)
           rh_status_q || exit 0
           $1
           ;;
       restart|configtest)
           $1
           ;;
       reload)
           rh_status_q || exit 7
           $1
           ;;
       force-reload)
           force_reload
           ;;
       status)
           rh_status
           ;;
       condrestart|try-restart)
           rh_status_q || exit 0
               ;;
       *)
           echo $"Usage: $0 {start|stop|status|restart|condrestart|try-restart|reload|force-reload|configtest}"
           exit 2
   esac
   
   

3. 此时可以在任意目录下执行以下操作

   service nginx start
   service nginx stop
   service nginx reload
   

三. 配置文件讲解

1. 配置文件

#user  nobody;
# 电脑有几个CPU, 这里就写几, 或者是CPU数的2倍
worker_processes  1;

#error_log  logs/error.log;
#error_log  logs/error.log  notice;
#error_log  logs/error.log  info;

#pid        logs/nginx.pid;


events {
	# work连接数
    worker_connections  1024;
}

# load modules compiled as Dynamic Shared Object (DSO)
#
#dso {
#    load ngx_http_fastcgi_module.so;
#    load ngx_http_rewrite_module.so;
#}

http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

	# 日志格式化定义
    #log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
    #                  '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
    #                  '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    #access_log  logs/access.log  main;

    sendfile        on;
    #tcp_nopush     on;

	# 多久之后才断开连接, 防止网络中频繁的进行三次握手
	# 实验中设置为0, 生产中再开启
    keepalive_timeout  0;
    # keepalive_timeout  65;

	# 是否开启压缩, 节省I/O
    #gzip  on;

    server {
    	# 监听80端口
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location / {
        	# root: 指访问目录(html表示nginx的html目录)
        	# 一个server中只能设置一个root
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }

        #error_page  404              /404.html;

        # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
        #
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }

        # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
        #}

        # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    root           html;
        #    fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
        #    fastcgi_index  index.php;
        #    fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
        #    include        fastcgi_params;
        #}

        # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
        # concurs with nginx's one
        #
        #location ~ /\.ht {
        #    deny  all;
        #}
    }


    # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       8000;
    #    listen       somename:8080;
    #    server_name  somename  alias  another.alias;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}


    # HTTPS server
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       443 ssl;
    #    server_name  localhost;

    #    ssl_certificate      cert.pem;
    #    ssl_certificate_key  cert.key;

    #    ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m;
    #    ssl_session_timeout  5m;

    #    ssl_ciphers  HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
    #    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}

}

2. 内容分析

1. work连接数设置

1. 配置文件

   events {
   	# work连接数
       worker_connections  1024;
   }
   

2. 这里的连接数可以设置10000级别, 但是如果只修改这里,并不会生效, 因为内核默认最多只会分配1024

   ulimit -a
   

   

3. 修改内核参数:

   ulimit -$Hn 2048
   

   

2. location

1. location格式

   location / {
   	# root: 指访问目录(html表示nginx的html目录)
   	# 一个server中只能设置一个root
       root   html;
       index  index.html index.htm;
   }
   

2. 在html目录下创建abc/test.html

   

3. location匹配顺序:

1. 形式

   # 绝对匹配
   location = / {
       [ configuration A ]
   }
   
   # 最大前缀匹配
   location / {
       [ configuration B ]
   }
   
   # 
   location /documents/ {
       [ configuration C ]
   }
   
   # 不会阻断正则
   location ^~ /images/ {
       [ configuration D ]
   }
   
   # 正则
   location ~* \.(gif|jpg|jpeg)$ { 
       [ configuration E ] 
   } 
   

2. 先普通

   1. 顺序无关
   2. 最大前缀
   3. 匹配规则简单

3. 打断

   1. ^~
   2. 完全匹配

4. 正则

   1. 不完全匹配
   2. 正则特殊性: 一条URI可以和多条location匹配上
   3. 顺序有关
   4. 先匹配, 先应用, 即时退出匹配

4. 反向代理

1. 例子

   location /ooxx {
          proxy_pass https://www.baidu.com/;
   }
   

   

2. 但是此时如果搜索内容又会报错:

   
   

3. 内容是以/s开头的, 所以会和之前的内容匹配, 不会匹配到ooxx. 所以需要在nginx中重新配置一个以/s开头的反向代理配置

   
   

末尾加不加/:
如果proxy_pass 后面的url没有"/", 则会传递location中的内容; 否则不传递

5. 反向代理池