电力电子技术基础（fundamentals of power electronics Robert W）21.4.2 外部的无损耗电阻抵带宽整流控制系统建模

21.4.2 Modeling the Outer Low-Bandwidth Control System

As discussed above, the outer low-bandwidth controller, which varies the emulated resistance
as necessary to balance the average ac input and dc load powers, is common to all near-ideal
rectifier systems. For design of this controller, the rectifier can be modeled using the loss-free
resistor (LFR) model. Perturbation and linearization of the LFR lead to a small-signal equivalent
circuit that predicts the relevant small-signal transfer functions. Such a model is derived in this
section [245, 276, 278].

       如上所述，外部的低带宽控制器对于所有近乎理想的整流器系统都是通用的。这种控制器可根据需要改变模拟电阻以平衡平均交流输入功率和直流负载功率。可用无损耗电阻模型设计这个控制器。对LFR注入小干扰，获得输入响应，然后线性化，进而推导出小信号等效电路，从而获得小信号传递函数。本节就推导这个模型。

It is desirable to stabilize the rectifier output voltage against variations in load power, ac
line voltage, and component characteristics. Hence, a voltage feedback loop is necessary. As
discussed in Sect. 21.4.1, this loop cannot attempt to remove the capacitor voltage ripple that
occurs at the second harmonic of the ac line frequency, 2ω, since doing so would require that
Re(t) change significantly at the second harmonic frequency. This would introduce significant
distortion, phase shift, and power factor degradation into the ac line current waveform. In consequence this loop must have sufficiently small gain at frequency 2ω, and hence its bandwidth must be low. Therefore, for the purposes of designing the low-bandwidth outer control loop, it is unnecessary to model the system high-frequency behavior. It can be assumed that any inner wide-bandwidth controller operates ideally at low frequencies, such that the ideal rectifier
model of Fig. 21.33a adequately represents the low-frequency system behavior.

       我们希望设计控制环路来稳定输出电压，让其不受负载功耗影响，不受输入交流电压影响，不受元器件的非理想特性的影响。这个控制环路无法消除电容上的文波，这个文波是电网频率的2倍，如果想消除他，那就的让Re（t）也以二次谐波变化，这一点21.4.1节已经讨论过。但是这样就会在输入交流电流中引入较大的失真，相移，功率因数的降低。因此这个环路在2w处必须有足够小的增益，因此带宽必须低。

A small-signal model is derived here that correctly predicts the control-to-output transfer
function and output impedance of any rectifier system that can be modeled as a loss-free resistor.
The model neglects the complicating effects of high-frequency switching ripple, and is valid for
control variations at frequencies sufficiently less than the ac line frequency. Both resistive and
dc–dc converter/regulator loads are treated.

任何整流器从控制到输出的传递函数、输出阻抗都可以建模成无损耗电阻，手段就是建立该整流器的小信号模型。高频开关文波太复杂这个模型暂时忽略了，对于远低于电网频率的控制信号的变化量这种忽略是可以的。

The steps in the derivation of the small-signal ac model are summarized in Fig. 21.33. Figure 21.33a is the basic ideal rectifier model, in which the converter high-frequency switching ripple is removed via averaging over the switching period Ts, but waveform frequency components slower than the switching frequency are correctly modeled, including the 2ω secondharmonic and dc components of output voltage. It is difficult to use this model in design of the
feedback loop because it is highly nonlinear and time-varying
具体推导步骤有图21.33来展示。其中图a是基本理想模型，通过对其中相关变量求平均值，将高频文波去掉了。低于开关频率的波形分量被正确建模了，包括2倍电网频率和直流输出都在这个模型范畴内。不过无法通过该模型设计反馈环路，应为其是高度非线性和时变的。