最短路径

第一步

	状态	已知距离	上游
A	已知	0	A
C	邻接	1	A
D	邻接	6	A
E	邻接	9	A
P	未知	无穷

第二步

	状态	已知距离	上游
A	已知	0	A
C	已知	1	A
D	邻接	6	A
E	邻接	9	A
P	邻接	4	C

第二步

	状态	已知距离	上游
A	已知	0	A
C	已知	1	A
D	邻接	6	A
E	邻接	7	P
P	已知	4	C

第三步

	状态	已知距离	上游
A	已知	0	A
C	已知	1	A
D	已知	6	A
E	邻接	7	P
P	已知	4	C

最后，E成为已知。倒退，可以知道路径为E, P, C, A。正过来，就是从A到E的最短路径了。

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注解：不断的把未知变已知，从邻接中选取最小的。如上图中的第二步有两个，一个是P未知变邻接，然后重新看距离，到D的距离是此次的最短距离6（A到P的距离反而为7），更新D为已知点。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#define NUM_V 5
#define INFINITY 10000

typedef struct node *position;
typedef struct record *label;

/* node */
struct node {
    int element;
    position next;
    int weight;
};

/* table element, keep record */
struct record {
    int status;
    int distance;
    int previous;
};

/* 
 * operations (stereotype)
 */
void insert_edge(position, int, int, int);
void print_graph(position, int);
int new_neighbors(position, label, int, int);
void shortest_path(position, label, int, int, int);

/* for testing purpose */
void main()
{
    struct node graph[NUM_V];
    struct record records[NUM_V];
    int i;

    // initialize the vertices
    for(i=0; i<NUM_V; i++) {
        (graph+i)->element = i;
        (graph+i)->next    = NULL;
        (graph+i)->weight  = -1;
    }

    // insert edges
    insert_edge(graph,0,1,1);
    insert_edge(graph,0,2,6);
    insert_edge(graph,0,3,9);
    insert_edge(graph,1,4,3);
    insert_edge(graph,4,3,3);

    print_graph(graph,NUM_V);
    
    // initialize the book
    for (i=0; i<NUM_V; i++){
        (records+i)->status   = -1;
        (records+i)->distance = INFINITY;
        (records+i)->previous = -1;
    }
    
    shortest_path(graph, records, NUM_V, 0, 3);
    
    // 
}
void shortest_path(position graph, label records, int nv, int start, int end) {
    int current;
    
    (records+start)->status   = 1;
    (records+start)->distance = 0;
    (records+start)->previous = 0;
    
    current = start;
    while(current != end) {
        current = new_neighbors(graph, records, nv, current);
    }
    
    while(current != start) {
        printf("%d <- ", current);
        current = (records+current)->previous;
    }
    printf("%d\n", current);
}

int new_neighbors(position graph, label records, int nv, int current) {
    int newDist;
    int v;
    int i;
    int d;
    
    position p;
    
    // update the current known
    (records + current)->status = 1;
    
    // UPDATE new neighbors
    p = (graph+current)->next;
    while(p != NULL) {
        v = p->element;
        (records + v)->status = 0;
        newDist = p->weight + (records + current)->distance;
        if ((records + v)->distance > newDist) {
            (records + v)->distance = newDist;
            (records + v)->previous = current;
        }
        p = p->next;
    }
    
    // find the next known
    d = INFINITY;
    for (i=0; i<nv; i++) {
        if ((records + i)->status==0 && (records + i)->distance < d){
            d = (records + i)->distance;
            v = i;
        }
    }
    return v;
}

/* print the graph */
void print_graph(position graph, int nv) {
    int i;
    position p;
    for(i=0; i<nv; i++) {
        p = (graph + i)->next;
        printf("From %3d: ", i);
        while(p != NULL) {
            printf("%d->%d; w:%d ", i, p->element, p->weight);
            p = p->next;
        }
        printf("\n");
    }
}

/*
 * insert an edge
 * with weight
 */
void insert_edge(position graph,int from, int to, int weight)
{
    position np;
    position nodeAddr;

    np = graph + from;

    nodeAddr = (position) malloc(sizeof(struct node));
    nodeAddr->element = to;
    nodeAddr->next    = np->next;
    nodeAddr->weight  = weight;
    np->next = nodeAddr;
}

参考文章：http://www.cnblogs.com/vamei/p/3604629.html