其他简单操作
创建向量并初始化
> rep(1, 50)#rep(value,num),创建一个num个value的向量。
[1] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
[43] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
> rep(F, 20)
[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
[15] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
> rep(1:5, 4)
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
> 1:5
[1] 1 2 3 4 5
> rep(1:5, each=4)
[1] 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5
> rep(factor(LETTERS[1:3]), 5)
[1] A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C
Levels: A B C
> v<-rep(factor(LETTERS[1:3]), 5)#以上过程仅仅是创建,并未赋值,保存,必须用<-赋值
> v
[1] A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C
Levels: A B C
> seq(from=5,to=25,by=5)
[1] 5 10 15 20 25
查看变量信息
> x <- 6
> n <- 1:4
> let <- LETTERS[1:4]
> df <- data.frame(n, let)
>
> ls()#查看已有变量
[1] "df" "let" "n" "x"
> exists("x")#查看变量是否存在
[1] TRUE
> exists("y")
[1] FALSE
> rm(x)
> x
Error: object 'x' not found
> str(n)#查看变量结构
int [1:4] 1 2 3 4
> str(df)
'data.frame': 4 obs. of 2 variables:
$ n : int 1 2 3 4
$ let: Factor w/ 4 levels "A","B","C","D": 1 2 3 4
> length(n)#返回变量长度
[1] 4
> length(df)
[1] 2
> length(let)
[1] 4
> nrow(df)#返回变量行数
[1] 4
> ncol(df)#返回变量列数
[1] 2
> dim(df)#返回变量行列数
[1] 4 2
> class(df)
[1] "data.frame"
> class(n)
[1] "integer"
> class(let)
[1] "character"
NA,NaN,NULL特殊值
R中特殊值有NA,NULL,NaN,Inf,-Inf。NULL没有值。NA是缺失值,NaN是指缺失的数值,Inf与-Inf指正负无穷大。
> x <- NULL
> x > 5
logical(0)
> y <- NA
> y > 5
[1] NA
> z <- NaN
> z > 5
[1] NA
> is.null(x)
[1] TRUE
>
> is.na(y)
[1] TRUE
> is.nan(z)
[1] TRUE
> is.null(y)
[1] FALSE
> is.na(x)
logical(0)
Warning message:
In is.na(x) : is.na() applied to non-(list or vector) of type 'NULL'
> vy <- c(1, 2, 3, NA, 5)
> mean(vy)
[1] NA
> mean(vy, na.rm=TRUE)
[1] 2.75
> vz <- c(1, 2, 3, NaN, 5)
> sum(vz)
[1] NaN
> sum(vz, na.rm=TRUE)
[1] 11
> vx <- c(1, 2, 3, NULL, 5)
> sum(vx)
[1] 11