Casting a record type to anything else These new warnings are disabled by default. They can be enabled with the IDE Project Options dialog box, or with the compiler directive:
{$WARN UNSAFE_CODE ON}
They can also be enabled with the -W command line switch:
dcc32 -W+UNSAFE_CODE
Note there is no space before or after the '+' character on the command line switch.
Note: These new warnings are in the Delphi 7 (and beyond) compiler for Win32 (dcc32). They are not in the Delphi for .NET Preview compiler (dccil).
Deprecated Language Features
The dccil compiler will also deprecate some existing language features, listed in the following table.
Keyword/Language Feature | Notes |
---|
Real48 six byte floating type | |
GetMem() , FreeMem() , and ReallocMem() | Use dynamic arrays, or rely on automatic dispose pattern implementation |
BlockRead() , BlockWrite() | |
Absolute directive, Addr , and @ | |
Pre-Delphi object syntax (type foo = object ) | |
TVarData , Variant internals | Variant semantics will be supported but not as TVarData |
File of <type> | This construct cannot be implemented because the Delphi compiler cannot know the size of <type> on the target platform (e.g. a handheld device). The JIT compiler for the specific platform determines the size of intrinsic types. |
Untyped var and out parameters | Untyped const parameters are still supported |
PChar | In a future release Delphi for .NET will support unsafe managed code (i.e. pointers). Unsafe, unmanaged pointers are not supported in the preview release. |
automated and dispid directives | |
Inline assembly - asm statement | |
TInterfacedObject | AddRef , QueryInterface , and Release are deprecated. In the preview release TInterfacedObject is an alias for TObject . |
Dynamic aggregation | Dynamic aggregation of interfaces is not supported by the CLR, because it cannot be statically verified. In Delphi for .NET, all interfaces must be declared on the type. Dynamic aggregation is provided by the implements keyword, as the following code illustrates.
program Project1;
type
i = interface
procedure Wombat;
end;
TA = class(TInterfacedObject, i)
procedure Wombat;
end;
TC = class(TInterfacedObject, i)
fa: TA;
property a: TA read fa implements i;
end;
{ TA }
procedure TA.Wombat;
begin
end;
begin
end.
|
ExitProc | |
CLR and Delphi
The new Delphi compiler will provide access to the .NET CLR (Common Language Run-time). Delphi developers will be instantly familiar with the CLR not just because it resembles the VCL so closely, but also because compatibility type mappings will be provided.
The following table shows some classes and technology areas that map easily between Delphi and the .NET runtime.
Delphi for .NET | .NET CLR |
---|
TObject | System.Object |
String | System.String |
Variant | System.ValueType |
Records | System.ValueType |
Exception | System.Exception |
TComponent | System.ComponentModel.Component |
Database connectivity | ADO.NET (and DataSnap direct drivers) |
RIO Web Services | On top of System.Web.Services |
GUI | System.Windows.Forms plus VCL |
Assemblies and Delphi
The Delphi for .NET compiler treats CLR assemblies like Delphi packages. The compiler supports direct symbol importing from metadata. Header file translations are no longer needed. Symbols can be imported from any Common Language Specification (CLS) compliant .NET assembly, produced by any .NET language tool. Conceptually, every .NET assembly contains the equivalent of a DCP (which is a collection of DCUs) and a BPL, all lumped into one file.
The compiler supports the -lu<name>
switch to specify which assemblies to link with or allow access to. These assemblies do not have to be Delphi assemblies. Any CLR assembly can be used directly with Delphi for .NET, with no translations or conversions. Just as you use -lu for Delphi packages, you can use -lu for any CLR assembly.
The Delphi package syntax produces assemblies. Furthermore, the package syntax will still provide the option of linking referred code directly into your exe, or making it an external reference.
The .NET assemblies don't give you the option of internal or external linking of code. You can support internal or external linking by distributing the DCUs as well as DCPs + BPLs. You cannot link code compiled in a package into an exe. You have to have a DCU (or source) to do that. The DCCIL compiler behaves the same as the DCC32 compiler.
You should also know that Delphi for .NET will preserve the case for the namespaces you create. C#'s recognition of namespaces is case sensitive, so if you use a Delphi for .NET assembly with C#, you will need to match the original case of the namespace you created. Delphi's recognition of namespaces is not case sensitive, so if you don't keep this behavioral difference of the languages in mind, you might run into problems later.
Delphi Language Enhancements
I'm sure you were all looking closely at the code above, even though I told you it would change. Some of the enhancements to Delphi are obvious by looking at the source code, but not all of them are demonstrated in the above code sample.
Let's look at a partial list of Delphi language enhancements.
Unit namespaces
By examining the above source code, one obvious change should be the support for unit namespaces. Namespaces allow you to access units with fully qualified identifiers, such as:
uses Borland.Delphi.SysUtils;
The Delphi unit defines its own namespace with dotted names in the unit identifiers and file names. (The file name and unit name still match, with the ".pas" omitted from the unit name.)
Project namespace
You can configure project-specific namespace resolution. Project namespaces are a great way to eliminate uses
clause IFDEF
s. The project namespace will determine how the unit name references are fully resolved.
Project namespace search path
There will also be support for a project namespace search path, which supports searching the namespace path for unqualified unit names on the search path. Consider this hypothetical example:
uses Forms;
This reference would resolve to Borland.VCL.Forms
for a VCL project, and Borland.CLX.Forms
for a CLX project. Clearly, this will make code for cross-platform development (such as .NET, Win32, and Linux) much easier to write and maintain.
Default project namespace
You can also create units that can be compiled into multiple project namespaces. For example,
unit MyControl;
would compile to Borland.VCL.MyControl.dcuil
for a VCL project, and Borland.CLX.MyControl.dcuil
for a CLX project.
Qualified identifiers
Reserved words or keywords are allowed after the first identifier. For example, in the following code:
var
foo : System.Label;
Qualified identifiers can appear in type expressions, but not in identifier declarations. System.Label
would be allowed as a valid type expression although label
is a reserved word in Delphi. Future compiler plans for the extended identifier syntax include allowing the use of Unicode/UTF8 identifiers after the first "standard" identifier.
The Common Language Specification includes this extended identifier syntax. The dccil compiler will provide access to all CLS compliant symbols in CLR assemblies.
Nested types
Consider the following code:
type
TMyClass = class
Fdata: Integer;
const foo = 12;
type TNestedClass = class
procedure Hello;
end;
procedure Green;
end;
...
var
MyClass : TMyClass;
MyNest: TMyClass.TNestedClass;
...
begin
MyClass.Fdata := 15;
MyNest.TNestedClass := TMyClass.TNestedClass.Create;
MyNest.Hello;
MyClass.Green;
end;
The TNestedClass
type is nested inside of the TMyClass
type, but doesn't affect instances of TMyClass
because data fields defined in TMyClass.TNestedClass
do not occupy space in instances of TMyClass
. Nested types are an extension of the namespace idea; logical containment by naming convention, with no physical manifestation.
In the above example, MyNest
is not freed because it will be garbage-collected by the .NET runtime.
Custom Attributes
Delphi for .NET will support standard attributes, such as Conditional
, Obsolete
, Serializable
, and web methods. You will also be able to create custom attributes, such as those displayed here:
type
[ FooAttribute('Hello', 23) ]
TMyClass = class
[ SpecialDataAttribute ]
Fdata: Integer;
[ WebMethod, DebuggerStepThrough ]
function SampleCount: Byte;
end;
Declaring custom attributes
Delphi allows you to create custom attributes you can use for any of your .NET application source code, such as the TQuantumAttribute
declared here:
type
TQuantumAttribute = class(TCustomAttribute)
constructor Create;
constructor Create(Name: String);
property Name: String ...;
property Spin: Double ...;
property Color: TQuarkColor ...;
end;
A poster child for custom attributes might be the DLLImportAttribute
. The Borland.Win32.Windows
unit will be using that attribute for indicating the requirement for Windows run-time DLLs. CLR supports more options for referencing external DLL functions than regular old PE DLL Imports. Rather than add more special syntax to the language to cover those additional CLR-specific options, the additional info can be carried in an attribute. The compiler can remain blissfully ignorant of the payload for all but a handful of custom attributes.
Class (static) data
You can have class variables in your objects. This allows you to do things like perform instance counts or track information that is class specific rather than instance specific in your objects.
type
TMyClass = class
class Fdata: Integer;
class property Foo: String ...;
class procedure One;
class static procedure Two;
end;
Class properties
Class properties work like class fields. The getters and setters must be class methods or class fields.
Class static methods
Class static methods work the same as traditional Delphi class methods, except that there is no "self" parameter available in the method body. This is a CLR requirement because some languages do not support the hybrid behaviors Delphi has, where you can have routines that are not part of an object. Traditional Delphi class methods (which do have a "Self" in the body of the method) will also be supported.
Value types
Types can be "boxed" into object wrappers. These value types are not reference types. They are the actual instance of the type. Value semantics are supported for assignment and copying data. Record types are an example of value types in Delphi. Records can inherit from other records, and records can contain non-virtual methods, properties, and nested types.
When value types are boxed, a fresh copy of the value is made and a distinct object reference is returned. This distinct object reference is a reference to data that is completely independent of the underlying value type. For the following code,
TObject(12).ToString
the code TObject(12)
boxes an integer into an object.
Boxing of value types in Delphi for .NET is a requirement. Boxing support is not planned for Win32 or Linux Delphi language implementations.
Records with inheritance
Delphi records will be implemented as value types in CLR. Record inheritance is an aspect of value types. Records with non-virtual methods is another aspect of value type support.
Records with methods
The declaration of methods on TRecord
is supported. These behave as static non-virtual methods.
Sealed classes
A sealed class cannot be inherited from. Value types can only inherit from abstract value type classes, and only sealed value type classes can be instantiated. Value types are highly deterministic, and decidedly non-polymorphic.
Final methods
The final directive on a virtual method (or override) indicates that this method cannot be overridden in descendent classes. Descendents may still introduce new virtual methods with the same name as the inherited method, but since they do not override the inherited method (occupy the same vmt slot as the inherited method), they do not participate in polymorphic calls to the inherited method.
Possible Enhancements
Multicast events
With multicast events, you can have multiple listeners for each event. This event model is different from the Win32 event model, where an event is consumed and discarded by the first component responding to it. With event listeners, multiple components can respond to the same message (for example, all controls could respond to a "repaint" event).
In this event listener model, you can only remove your own listener. Include()
and Exclude()
are standard procedures overloaded to operate on events for adding or removing an event listener. Traditional singleton event semantics are supported through := assignments. If a singleton event is used with an assignment, it overrides Include()
or other listeners.
Support for multicast events in Delphi for .NET is a requirement. Support for multicast events may appear in future releases of Delphi for Win32 and Linux.
Interface method resolution
Interface method resolution provides a convenient shorthand for implementing methods referenced in an interface. By default, the compiler attempts to bind a method name to a method of the same name in the class implementing the interface. With the following code,
Type
TMyClass = class(TBaseClass, IFoo)
procedure FooBar(paramlist);
procedure IFoo.Bar = FooBar;
end;
The new version would be:
Type
TMyClass = class(TBaseClass, IFoo)
procedure IFoo.Bar(paramlist);
end;
A reference to TMyClass.IFoo.Bar
is then valid.
When multiple interfaces are used, interface method resolution becomes even more valuable. The following code illustrates:
IFoo1 = interface
procedure Bar;
end;
IFoo2 = interface
procedure Bar;
end;
TSomeClass = class(TBaseClass, IFoo1, IFoo2)
procedure IFoo1.Bar;
procedure IFoo2.Bar;
end;
Array property overloads
Array property overloads will also be supported. The following example shows the probable syntax for overloading array property references.
TSomeClass = class
property Item[Index: string]: string
read GetItem write SetItem; overload;
property Item[Index: integer]: string
read GetItem write SetItem; overload;
property Names: string read GetNames write SetNames;
overload;
property Names[Index: Integer]: string
read GetNames write SetNames; overload;
function GetItem(Index: string): string; overload;
procedure SetItem(Index:string; Value: string); overload;
function GetItem(Index: Integer): string;
overload;
procedure SetItem(Index: Integer; Value: string);
overload;
function GetNames: string; overload;
procedure SetNames(Value: string); overload;
function GetNames(Index: Integer): string;
overload;
procedure SetNames(Index: Integer; Value: string);
overload;
end;
Overload of array properties is required for CLS compliance. For example, the CLR NameValueCollection
overloads integer and string index references for the default Item
property, as does this code snippet example above.
Conclusion
This document is intended to introduce some of the new features and concepts under research for the Delphi for .NET compiler. While every attempt has been made to keep this information accurate, all of it is subject to change. Compiler support for .NET has provided some exciting opportunities for enhancement to the Delphi language. The language enhancements discussed here are for the Delphi for .NET compiler unless otherwise stated. Hopefully, you like what you see so far.
Stay tuned to this web site, as more articles on Delphi for .NET are coming very soon.
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Article ID: 28972 Publish Date: August 06, 2002 Last Modified: August 05, 2002