本文所述情况是我在写测试代码时发现和解决问题的过程,见以下这段测试代码,在DEV-C++用32位TDM-GCC编译可无错无警告通过;但用64位编译却出错了。
#include <windows.h>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT Message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {
static int i=0;
static HWND bHwnd[15],sHwnd;
static HFONT hFont = CreateFont(
30, 20, 0, 0, 700, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, DEFAULT_CHARSET,
OUT_DEFAULT_PRECIS, CLIP_DEFAULT_PRECIS,
DEFAULT_QUALITY, DEFAULT_PITCH|FF_DONTCARE,
TEXT("仿宋") );
switch(Message) {
case WM_CREATE:
for (auto b:bHwnd){
b = CreateWindow(
"BUTTON", "", //先不设标题,可以创建后添加
WS_TABSTOP | WS_VISIBLE | WS_CHILD | BS_FLAT | BS_PUSHBUTTON,
70 + (i>=10 ? 360:(i>=5 ? 180:0)) ,
110 + i*60 - (i>=10 ? 600:(i>=5 ? 300:0)) ,
120, 50, hwnd,
(HMENU)i,
(HINSTANCE)GetWindowLongPtr(hwnd, GWLP_HINSTANCE), NULL);
SendMessage(b, WM_SETTEXT, 0, (LPARAM)to_string(1+i++).c_str()); //添加标题
}
sHwnd = CreateWindow( TEXT("STATIC"),NULL,WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE,
70, 30, 480, 50, hwnd, NULL, ((LPCREATESTRUCT) lParam)->hInstance,NULL);
SendMessage(sHwnd, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, lParam);
SetWindowLong(sHwnd, GWL_STYLE, GetWindowLong(sHwnd, GWL_STYLE)|SS_CENTER|SS_CENTERIMAGE);
break;
case WM_COMMAND:
SetWindowText(sHwnd, to_string(LOWORD(wParam)+1).data());
break;
case WM_MOUSEMOVE:
SetWindowText(sHwnd, to_string((int)GetFocus()).data());
break;
case WM_DESTROY:
PostQuitMessage(0);
break;
default:
return DefWindowProc(hwnd, Message, wParam, lParam);
}
return 0;
}
int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow) {
WNDCLASSEX wc;
HWND hwnd;
MSG msg;
memset(&wc,0,sizeof(wc));
wc.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
wc.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
wc.hInstance = hInstance;
wc.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
wc.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW+1);
wc.lpszClassName = "WindowClass";
wc.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
wc.hIconSm = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
if(!RegisterClassEx(&wc)) {
MessageBox(NULL, "Window Registration Failed!","Error!",MB_ICONEXCLAMATION|MB_OK);
return 0;
}
hwnd = CreateWindowEx(WS_EX_CLIENTEDGE,"WindowClass","Caption",WS_VISIBLE|WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT,
640, 480,
NULL,NULL,hInstance,NULL);
if(hwnd == NULL) {
MessageBox(NULL, "Window Creation Failed!","Error!",MB_ICONEXCLAMATION|MB_OK);
return 0;
}
while(GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0) > 0) {
if(!IsDialogMessage(hwnd, &msg)){
TranslateMessage(&msg);
DispatchMessage(&msg);
}
}
return msg.wParam;
}
错误在39行代码:SetWindowText(sHwnd, to_string((int)GetFocus()).data());
错误信息:[Error] cast from 'HWND' to 'int' loses precision [-fpermissive]
分析错误所在,先看SetWindowText()原型:
#define SetWindowText __MINGW_NAME_AW(SetWindowText)
WINUSERAPI WINBOOL WINAPI SetWindowTextA(HWND hWnd,LPCSTR lpString);
WINUSERAPI WINBOOL WINAPI SetWindowTextW(HWND hWnd,LPCWSTR lpString);
再看LPCSTR、LPCWSTR:
typedef CONST CHAR *LPCSTR,*PCSTR;
typedef CONST WCHAR *LPCWSTR,*PCWSTR;
typedef LPCSTR PCTSTR,LPCTSTR,PCUTSTR,LPCUTSTR;
typedef LPCWSTR PCTSTR,LPCTSTR;
to_string((int)GetFocus()).data()中,.data()等价于.c_str()没问题,所以只剩下GetFocus()的返回值强制转int这个可能了。
GetFocus()原型:
WINUSERAPI HWND WINAPI GetFocus(VOID);
它的返回值是HWND,它是窗口句柄Handle of Window,相当于一个指向窗口的指针。
#ifndef WIN_INTERNAL
DECLARE_HANDLE (HWND);
DECLARE_HANDLE (HHOOK);
#ifdef WINABLE
DECLARE_HANDLE (HEVENT);
#endif
#endif
......struct HWND__ {
int unused ;
};
typedef struct HWND__ *HWND;
估计问题在32位系统里HWND 和 int 是同字节的可以转换,但在64位系统中int的字节宽度就不够所以出错了。
马上写代码验证:
#include <iostream>
#include <windows.h>
using namespace std;
BOOL IsWow64()
{ //此函数好像取决于编译器的是32-bit还是64-bit,而不是操作系统的位数
typedef BOOL (WINAPI *LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS) (HANDLE, PBOOL);
LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS fnIsWow64Process;
BOOL bIsWow64 = FALSE;
fnIsWow64Process = (LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS)GetProcAddress( GetModuleHandle("kernel32"),"IsWow64Process");
if (NULL != fnIsWow64Process)
fnIsWow64Process(GetCurrentProcess(),&bIsWow64);
return bIsWow64;
}
int main(void)
{
cout<<sizeof(HWND)<<endl;
cout<<sizeof(int)<<endl;
cout<<sizeof(long)<<endl;
cout<<sizeof(long long)<<endl;
cout<<IsWow64()<<endl;
return 0;
}
/*
8
4
4
8
0 //或1,取决于编译器的是32-bit还是64-bit
--------------------------------
Process exited after 0.8295 seconds with return value 0
请按任意键继续. . .
*/
把 SetWindowText(sHwnd, to_string((int)GetFocus()).data()) 中红字部分改为(long long)就通过编译了。
后来发现只要是8位字节的数据类型都行(__int64)、(intptr_t)、(uintptr_t)、(ptrdiff_t),甚至这些类型:(LPARAM)、(WPARAM)、(LRESULT)。
看它们在库函数中的定义:
#ifndef _INTPTR_T_DEFINED
#define _INTPTR_T_DEFINED
#ifndef __intptr_t_defined
#define __intptr_t_defined
#undef intptr_t
#ifdef _WIN64
__MINGW_EXTENSION typedef __int64 intptr_t;
#else
typedef int intptr_t;
#endif /* _WIN64 */
#endif /* __intptr_t_defined */
#endif /* _INTPTR_T_DEFINED */
#ifndef _UINTPTR_T_DEFINED
#define _UINTPTR_T_DEFINED
#ifndef __uintptr_t_defined
#define __uintptr_t_defined
#undef uintptr_t
#ifdef _WIN64
__MINGW_EXTENSION typedef unsigned __int64 uintptr_t;
#else
typedef unsigned int uintptr_t;
#endif /* _WIN64 */
#endif /* __uintptr_t_defined */
#endif /* _UINTPTR_T_DEFINED */
#ifndef _PTRDIFF_T_DEFINED
#define _PTRDIFF_T_DEFINED
#ifndef _PTRDIFF_T_
#define _PTRDIFF_T_
#undef ptrdiff_t
#ifdef _WIN64
__MINGW_EXTENSION typedef __int64 ptrdiff_t;
#else
typedef int ptrdiff_t;
#endif /* _WIN64 */
#endif /* _PTRDIFF_T_ */
#endif /* _PTRDIFF_T_DEFINED */
typedef UINT_PTR WPARAM;
typedef LONG_PTR LPARAM;
typedef LONG_PTR LRESULT;
... ...
#ifdef _WIN64
__MINGW_EXTENSION typedef __int64 INT_PTR,*PINT_PTR;
__MINGW_EXTENSION typedef unsigned __int64 UINT_PTR,*PUINT_PTR;
__MINGW_EXTENSION typedef __int64 LONG_PTR,*PLONG_PTR;
__MINGW_EXTENSION typedef unsigned __int64 ULONG_PTR,*PULONG_PTR;
#define __int3264 __int64
#else
typedef int INT_PTR,*PINT_PTR;
typedef unsigned int UINT_PTR,*PUINT_PTR;
typedef long LONG_PTR,*PLONG_PTR;
typedef unsigned long ULONG_PTR,*PULONG_PTR;
#define __int3264 int
#endif
果然这些数据在两类系统中就是int和__int64的不同而已,所以把39行代码改为以下几行,就不出错了。
#ifdef _WIN64
SetWindowText(sHwnd, to_string((__int64)GetFocus()).data());
#else
SetWindowText(sHwnd, to_string((int)GetFocus()).data());
#endif /* _WIN64 */
随后再次编译,第23行代码又出现警告: [Warning] cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]
估计是差不多情形,把(HMENU)i 改成 (HMENU)(WPARAM)i,代码通过无警告无错误编译;并且用 (WPARAM) 强制转换相当于C++代为条件编译了 。