C++ Windows编程中WPARAM等数据类型在32位和64位系统中的差异

本文所述情况是我在写测试代码时发现和解决问题的过程，见以下这段测试代码，在DEV-C++用32位TDM-GCC编译可无错无警告通过；但用64位编译却出错了。

#include <windows.h>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT Message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {
	static int i=0;
	static HWND bHwnd[15],sHwnd;
	static HFONT hFont = CreateFont(
                30, 20, 0, 0, 700, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, DEFAULT_CHARSET,
				OUT_DEFAULT_PRECIS, CLIP_DEFAULT_PRECIS,
                DEFAULT_QUALITY, DEFAULT_PITCH|FF_DONTCARE,
                TEXT("仿宋") );

	switch(Message) {
		case WM_CREATE:
			for (auto b:bHwnd){
				b = CreateWindow(
    			"BUTTON", "", //先不设标题，可以创建后添加 
    			WS_TABSTOP | WS_VISIBLE | WS_CHILD | BS_FLAT | BS_PUSHBUTTON, 
    			70 + (i>=10 ? 360:(i>=5 ? 180:0)) ,
    			110 + i*60 - (i>=10 ? 600:(i>=5 ? 300:0)) ,
    			120, 50, hwnd,
    			(HMENU)i,
    			(HINSTANCE)GetWindowLongPtr(hwnd, GWLP_HINSTANCE), NULL);
    			
    			SendMessage(b, WM_SETTEXT, 0, (LPARAM)to_string(1+i++).c_str()); //添加标题 
    		}
			sHwnd = CreateWindow( TEXT("STATIC"),NULL,WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE,
					70, 30, 480, 50, hwnd, NULL, ((LPCREATESTRUCT) lParam)->hInstance,NULL);
			SendMessage(sHwnd, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, lParam);
			SetWindowLong(sHwnd, GWL_STYLE, GetWindowLong(sHwnd, GWL_STYLE)|SS_CENTER|SS_CENTERIMAGE);
			break;
				
		case WM_COMMAND: 
			SetWindowText(sHwnd, to_string(LOWORD(wParam)+1).data());
			break;
			
		case WM_MOUSEMOVE:
			SetWindowText(sHwnd, to_string((int)GetFocus()).data());
			break; 

		case WM_DESTROY: 
			PostQuitMessage(0);
			break;
		
		default:
			return DefWindowProc(hwnd, Message, wParam, lParam);
	}
	return 0;
}

int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow) {
	WNDCLASSEX wc; 
	HWND hwnd; 
	MSG msg;

	memset(&wc,0,sizeof(wc));
	wc.cbSize		 = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
	wc.lpfnWndProc	 = WndProc;
	wc.hInstance	 = hInstance;
	wc.hCursor		 = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
	
	wc.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW+1);
	wc.lpszClassName = "WindowClass";
	wc.hIcon		 = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION); 
	wc.hIconSm		 = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION); 

	if(!RegisterClassEx(&wc)) {
		MessageBox(NULL, "Window Registration Failed!","Error!",MB_ICONEXCLAMATION|MB_OK);
		return 0;
	}

	hwnd = CreateWindowEx(WS_EX_CLIENTEDGE,"WindowClass","Caption",WS_VISIBLE|WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
		CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, 
		640, 480, 
		NULL,NULL,hInstance,NULL);

	if(hwnd == NULL) {
		MessageBox(NULL, "Window Creation Failed!","Error!",MB_ICONEXCLAMATION|MB_OK);
		return 0;
	}

	while(GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0) > 0) { 
		if(!IsDialogMessage(hwnd, &msg)){  
			TranslateMessage(&msg); 
			DispatchMessage(&msg);
		}
	}
	return msg.wParam;
}

错误在39行代码：SetWindowText(sHwnd, to_string((int)GetFocus()).data());

错误信息：[Error] cast from 'HWND' to 'int' loses precision [-fpermissive]

分析错误所在，先看SetWindowText()原型：

#define SetWindowText __MINGW_NAME_AW(SetWindowText)
​​​WINUSERAPI WINBOOL WINAPI SetWindowTextA(HWND hWnd,LPCSTR lpString);
WINUSERAPI WINBOOL WINAPI SetWindowTextW(HWND hWnd,LPCWSTR lpString);

 再看LPCSTR、LPCWSTR：

typedef CONST CHAR *LPCSTR,*PCSTR;
typedef CONST WCHAR *LPCWSTR,*PCWSTR;
typedef LPCSTR PCTSTR,LPCTSTR,PCUTSTR,LPCUTSTR;
typedef LPCWSTR PCTSTR,LPCTSTR;

to_string((int)GetFocus()).data()中，.data()等价于.c_str()没问题，所以只剩下GetFocus()的返回值强制转int这个可能了。

GetFocus()原型：

WINUSERAPI HWND WINAPI GetFocus(VOID);

它的返回值是HWND，它是窗口句柄Handle of Window，相当于一个指向窗口的指针。

#ifndef WIN_INTERNAL
    DECLARE_HANDLE            (HWND);
    DECLARE_HANDLE            (HHOOK);
#ifdef WINABLE
    DECLARE_HANDLE            (HEVENT);
#endif
#endif
......

struct HWND__ { 
    int unused ;
};
typedef struct HWND__ *HWND;

估计问题在32位系统里HWND 和 int 是同字节的可以转换，但在64位系统中int的字节宽度就不够所以出错了。

马上写代码验证：

#include <iostream>
#include <windows.h>
using namespace std;

BOOL IsWow64()
{   //此函数好像取决于编译器的是32-bit还是64-bit，而不是操作系统的位数
    typedef BOOL (WINAPI *LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS) (HANDLE, PBOOL);
    LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS fnIsWow64Process;
    BOOL bIsWow64 = FALSE;
    fnIsWow64Process = (LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS)GetProcAddress( GetModuleHandle("kernel32"),"IsWow64Process");
    if (NULL != fnIsWow64Process)
        fnIsWow64Process(GetCurrentProcess(),&bIsWow64);
    return bIsWow64;
}

int main(void)
{
	cout<<sizeof(HWND)<<endl;
	cout<<sizeof(int)<<endl;
	cout<<sizeof(long)<<endl;
	cout<<sizeof(long long)<<endl;
	
	cout<<IsWow64()<<endl;
 
	return 0;
}
/*
8
4
4
8
0 //或1，取决于编译器的是32-bit还是64-bit 

--------------------------------
Process exited after 0.8295 seconds with return value 0
请按任意键继续. . .
*/

把 SetWindowText(sHwnd, to_string((int)GetFocus()).data()) 中红字部分改为(long long)就通过编译了。

后来发现只要是8位字节的数据类型都行(__int64)、(intptr_t)、(uintptr_t)、(ptrdiff_t)，甚至这些类型：(LPARAM)、(WPARAM)、(LRESULT)。

看它们在库函数中的定义：

#ifndef _INTPTR_T_DEFINED
#define _INTPTR_T_DEFINED
#ifndef __intptr_t_defined
#define __intptr_t_defined
#undef intptr_t
#ifdef _WIN64
__MINGW_EXTENSION typedef __int64 intptr_t;
#else
typedef int intptr_t;
#endif /* _WIN64 */
#endif /* __intptr_t_defined */
#endif /* _INTPTR_T_DEFINED */

#ifndef _UINTPTR_T_DEFINED
#define _UINTPTR_T_DEFINED
#ifndef __uintptr_t_defined
#define __uintptr_t_defined
#undef uintptr_t
#ifdef _WIN64
__MINGW_EXTENSION typedef unsigned __int64 uintptr_t;
#else
typedef unsigned int uintptr_t;
#endif /* _WIN64 */
#endif /* __uintptr_t_defined */
#endif /* _UINTPTR_T_DEFINED */

#ifndef _PTRDIFF_T_DEFINED
#define _PTRDIFF_T_DEFINED
#ifndef _PTRDIFF_T_
#define _PTRDIFF_T_
#undef ptrdiff_t
#ifdef _WIN64
__MINGW_EXTENSION typedef __int64 ptrdiff_t;
#else
typedef int ptrdiff_t;
#endif /* _WIN64 */
#endif /* _PTRDIFF_T_ */
#endif /* _PTRDIFF_T_DEFINED */

typedef UINT_PTR WPARAM;
typedef LONG_PTR LPARAM;
typedef LONG_PTR LRESULT;

... ...

#ifdef _WIN64
  __MINGW_EXTENSION typedef __int64 INT_PTR,*PINT_PTR;
  __MINGW_EXTENSION typedef unsigned __int64 UINT_PTR,*PUINT_PTR;
  __MINGW_EXTENSION typedef __int64 LONG_PTR,*PLONG_PTR;
  __MINGW_EXTENSION typedef unsigned __int64 ULONG_PTR,*PULONG_PTR;
#define __int3264 __int64
#else
  typedef int INT_PTR,*PINT_PTR;
  typedef unsigned int UINT_PTR,*PUINT_PTR;
  typedef long LONG_PTR,*PLONG_PTR;
  typedef unsigned long ULONG_PTR,*PULONG_PTR;
#define __int3264 int
#endif

果然这些数据在两类系统中就是int和__int64的不同而已，所以把39行代码改为以下几行，就不出错了。

			#ifdef _WIN64
				SetWindowText(sHwnd, to_string((__int64)GetFocus()).data());
			#else
				SetWindowText(sHwnd, to_string((int)GetFocus()).data());
			#endif /* _WIN64 */

随后再次编译，第23行代码又出现警告：  [Warning] cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]

估计是差不多情形，把(HMENU)i 改成 (HMENU)(WPARAM)i，代码通过无警告无错误编译；并且用 (WPARAM) 强制转换相当于C++代为条件编译了 。