🔥个人主页：guoguoqiang. 🔥专栏：我与C++的爱恋
1.红黑树
红黑树，是一种二叉搜索树，但在每个结点上增加一个存储位表示结点的颜色，可以是Red或Black。 通过对任何一条从根到叶子的路径上各个结点着色方式的限制，红黑树确保没有一条路径会比其他路径长出俩倍，因而是接近平衡的。
- 每个结点不是红色就是黑色
- 根节点是黑色的
- 如果一个节点是红色的，则它的两个孩子结点是黑色的
- 对于每个结点，从该结点到其所有后代叶结点的简单路径上，均 包含相同数目的黑色结点
- 每个叶子结点都是黑色的(此处的叶子结点指的是空结点)
这些规则确保了从根结点到叶子结点的最长路径不会超过最短路径的两倍，最糟糕的情况下，就是红黑树中最长的路径交替着红色和黑色节点，而最短的路径则全由黑色节点构成。因为红色节点不能相邻，所以最长路径上红色节点的数量最多等于黑色节点（忽略根节点）。由于最短路径全由黑色节点构成，因此最长路径的长度最多为最短路径长度的两倍
2.结点
enum Colour
{
RED,
BLACK
};
template<class K, class V>
struct RBTreeNode
{
RBTreeNode<K, V>* _left;
RBTreeNode<K, V>* _right;
RBTreeNode<K, V>* _parent;
pair<K, V> _kv;
Colour _col;
RBTreeNode(const pair<K, V>& kv)
:_left(nullptr)
, _right(nullptr)
, _parent(nullptr)
, _kv(kv)
,_col(RED)
{}
};
红黑树要求所有路径从任何节点到叶子节点所包含的黑色节点数量是相同的，这是黑色完美平衡的性质。如果新插入的节点是黑色的，那么会立即破坏这一性质。所以在节点定义中，将结点的默认颜色给成红色。
3.红黑树的插入
template<class K, class V>
class RBTree
{
typedef RBTreeNode<K, V> Node;
public:
bool Insert(const pair<K, V>& kv)
{
if (_root == nullptr)
{
_root = new Node(kv);
_root->_col = BLACK;
return true;
}
Node* parent = nullptr;
Node* cur = _root;
while (cur)
{
if (kv.first > cur->_kv.first)
{
parent = cur;
cur = cur->_right;
}
else if (kv.first < cur->_kv.first)
{
parent = cur;
cur = cur->_left;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
cur = new Node(kv);
if (parent->_kv.first < kv.first)
{
parent->_right = cur;
}
else
{
parent->_left = cur;
}
cur->_parent = parent;
----------------
return true;
}
private:
Node* _root = nullptr;
};
因为新节点的默认颜色是红色，因此：如果其双亲节点的颜色是黑色，没有违反红黑树任何性质，则不需要调整；但当新插入节点的双亲节点颜色为红色时，就违反了性质三不能有连在一起的红色节点，此时需要对红黑树分情况来讨论
情况一：父节点与叔节点均为红
cur为红，p为红，g为黑，u存在且为红
cur为当前节点，p为父节点，g为祖父节点，u为叔叔节点
解决方式：将p,u改为黑，g改为红，然后把g当成cur，继续向上调整
情况二：父节点为红，叔节点为黑或者不存在
u的情况有两种：
1.如果u节点不存在，则cur一定是新插入节点，因为如果cur不是新插入节点，则cur和p一定有一个节点的颜色是黑色，就不满足性质4:每条路径黑色节点个数相同。
2.如果u节点存在，则其一定是黑色的，那么cur节点原来的颜色一定是黑色的，现在看到其是红色的原因是因为cur的子树在调整的过程中将cur节点的颜色由黑色改成红色。，同样是性质4：黑色节点个数相同
p为g的左孩子，cur为p的左孩子，则进行右单旋转；相反，p为g的右孩子，cur为p的右孩子，则进行左单旋转
p、g变色–p变黑，g变红
de要么为空要么为红，c有四种情况，cur原来为空，子树为两个红，新增有四个位置插入
情况三：父节点为红，叔节点为黑或者不存在（双旋）
p为g的左孩子，cur为p的右孩子，则针对p做左单旋转；相反，p为g的右孩子，cur为p的左孩子，则针对p做右单旋转
转换为情况二
while (parent && parent->_col == RED)
{
Node* grandfather = parent->_parent;
if (parent == grandfather->_left)
{
Node* uncle = grandfather->_right;
if (uncle && uncle->_col == RED)
{
parent->_col =uncle->_col= BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
cur = grandfather;
parent = cur->_parent;
}
else
{
-------
}
}
---------------
}
_root=BLACK;
循环内部，根据父节点位置来构建叔节点，如果叔节点存在且为红色，则修改颜色即可
如果不存在或者不为红色，则需要进行旋转，旋转又分为单旋和双旋：
while (parent && parent->_col == RED)
{
Node* grandfather = parent->_parent;
if (parent == grandfather->_left)
{
Node* uncle = grandfather->_right;
if (uncle && uncle->_col == RED)
{
parent->_col =uncle->_col= BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
cur = grandfather;
parent = cur->_parent;
}
else
{
if (cur = parent->_left)
{
RotateR(grandfather);
parent->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
}
else
{
RotateL(parent);
RotateR(grandfather);
cur->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
}
break;
}
}
}
return true;
else
{
Node* uncle = grandfather->_left;
// 叔叔存在且为红，-》变色即可
if (uncle && uncle->_col == RED)
{
parent->_col = uncle->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
// 继续往上处理
cur = grandfather;
parent = cur->_parent;
}
else // 叔叔不存在，或者存在且为黑
{
// 情况二：叔叔不存在或者存在且为黑
// 旋转+变色
// g
// u p
// c
if (cur == parent->_right)
{
RotateL(grandfather);
parent->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
}
else
{
// g
// u p
// c
RotateR(parent);
RotateL(grandfather);
cur->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
}
break;
}
}
bool IsBalance()
{
if (_root->_col == RED)
{
return false;
}
int refNum = 0;
Node* cur = _root;
while (cur)
{
if (cur->_col == BLACK)
{
++refNum;
}
cur = cur->_left;
}
return Check(_root, 0, refNum);
}
IsBalance函数，用于提供一个公共接口来开始检查红黑树的平衡性。它先检查根节点是否是黑色的，然后计算从根节点到最左侧叶子节点路径中的黑色节点数量作为参考（refNum）。这个数量将用作遍历时所有路径中黑色节点数量的标准。最后，IsBalance调用一个私有递归函数Check来遍历和验证树的每个节点
bool Check(Node* root, int blackNum, const int refNum)
{
if (root == nullptr)
{
//cout << blackNum << endl;
if (refNum != blackNum)
{
cout << "存在黑色节点的数量不相等的路径" << endl;
return false;
}
return true;
}
if (root->_col == RED && root->_parent->_col == RED)
{
cout << root->_kv.first << "存在连续的红色节点" << endl;
return false;
}
if (root->_col == BLACK)
{
blackNum++;
}
return Check(root->_left, blackNum, refNum)
&& Check(root->_right, blackNum, refNum);
}
完整代码如下：
#pragma once
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
enum Colour
{
RED,
BLACK
};
template<class K, class V>
struct RBTreeNode
{
RBTreeNode<K, V>* _left;
RBTreeNode<K, V>* _right;
RBTreeNode<K, V>* _parent;
pair<K, V> _kv;
Colour _col;
RBTreeNode(const pair<K, V>& kv)
:_left(nullptr)
, _right(nullptr)
, _parent(nullptr)
, _kv(kv)
,_col(RED)
{}
};
template<class K, class V>
class RBTree
{
typedef RBTreeNode<K, V> Node;
public:
bool Insert(const pair<K, V>& kv)
{
if (_root == nullptr)
{
_root = new Node(kv);
_root->_col = BLACK;
return true;
}
Node* parent = nullptr;
Node* cur = _root;
while (cur)
{
if (kv.first > cur->_kv.first)
{
parent = cur;
cur = cur->_right;
}
else if (kv.first < cur->_kv.first)
{
parent = cur;
cur = cur->_left;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
cur = new Node(kv);
if (parent->_kv.first < kv.first)
{
parent->_right = cur;
}
else
{
parent->_left = cur;
}
cur->_parent = parent;
while (parent && parent->_col == RED)
{
Node* grandfather = parent->_parent;
if (parent == grandfather->_left)
{
Node* uncle = grandfather->_right;
if (uncle && uncle->_col == RED)
{
parent->_col =uncle->_col= BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
cur = grandfather;
parent = cur->_parent;
}
else
{
if (cur == parent->_left)
{
RotateR(grandfather);
parent->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
}
else
{
RotateL(parent);
RotateR(grandfather);
cur->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
}
break;
}
}
else
{
Node* uncle = grandfather->_left;
// 叔叔存在且为红，-》变色即可
if (uncle && uncle->_col == RED)
{
parent->_col = uncle->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
// 继续往上处理
cur = grandfather;
parent = cur->_parent;
}
else // 叔叔不存在，或者存在且为黑
{
// 情况二：叔叔不存在或者存在且为黑
// 旋转+变色
// g
// u p
// c
if (cur == parent->_right)
{
RotateL(grandfather);
parent->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
}
else
{
// g
// u p
// c
RotateR(parent);
RotateL(grandfather);
cur->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
}
break;
}
}
}
_root->_col = BLACK;
return true;
}
void RotateR(Node* parent)
{
Node* subL = parent->_left;
Node* subLR = subL->_right;
parent->_left = subLR;
if (subLR)
subLR->_parent = parent;
subL->_right = parent;
Node* ppNode = parent->_parent;
parent->_parent = subL;
if (parent == _root)
{
_root = subL;
_root->_parent = nullptr;
}
else
{
if (ppNode->_left == parent)
{
ppNode->_left = subL;
}
else
{
ppNode->_right = subL;
}
subL->_parent = ppNode;
}
}
void RotateL(Node* parent)
{
Node* subR = parent->_right;
Node* subRL = subR->_left;
parent->_right = subRL;
if (subRL)
subRL->_parent = parent;
subR->_left = parent;
Node* ppNode = parent->_parent;
parent->_parent = subR;
if (parent == _root)
{
_root = subR;
_root->_parent = nullptr;
}
else
{
if (ppNode->_right == parent)
{
ppNode->_right = subR;
}
else
{
ppNode->_left = subR;
}
subR->_parent = ppNode;
}
}
void InOrder()
{
_InOrder(_root);
cout << endl;
}
bool IsBalance()
{
if (_root->_col == RED)
{
return false;
}
int refNum = 0;
Node* cur = _root;
while (cur)
{
if (cur->_col == BLACK)
{
++refNum;
}
cur = cur->_left;
}
return Check(_root, 0, refNum);
}
private:
bool Check(Node* root, int blackNum, const int refNum)
{
if (root == nullptr)
{
//cout << blackNum << endl;
if (refNum != blackNum)
{
cout << "存在黑色节点的数量不相等的路径" << endl;
return false;
}
return true;
}
if (root->_col == RED && root->_parent->_col == RED)
{
cout << root->_kv.first << "存在连续的红色节点" << endl;
return false;
}
if (root->_col == BLACK)
{
blackNum++;
}
return Check(root->_left, blackNum, refNum)
&& Check(root->_right, blackNum, refNum);
}
void _InOrder(Node* root)
{
if (root == nullptr)
{
return;
}
_InOrder(root->_left);
cout << root->_kv.first << ":" << root->_kv.second << endl;
_InOrder(root->_right);
}
Node* _root = nullptr;
};
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