6.2【类与对象】创建大量实例节省内存及对象的上下文管理

某游戏中，定义了玩家类Player(id,name,status...)每有一个在线玩家，服务器程序内则有一个Player的实例，当在线人数多，将产生百万级实例，如何降低内存开销
#
定义类的__slots__属性，它是用来声明实例属性名字的列表
class Player(object):
	def __init__(self, uid, name, status=0, level=1):
		self.uid = uid
		self.name = name
		self.stat = status
		self.level = level
class Player2(object):
	__slots__ = ['uid', 'name', 'stat', 'level'] # 用来描述实例有哪些属性
	def __init__(self,uid,name,status=0,level=1):
		self.uid = uid
		self.name = name
		self.stat = status
		self.level = level

from e import Player,Player2
p1 = Player('0001', 'Jim')
p2 = Player2('0001','Jim')
dir(p1)
dir(p2)
set(dir(p1)) -set(dir(p2)) # {'__dict__', '__weakref__'} 不使用弱引用，weakref占少内存
p1.__dict__ # {'level': 1, 'name': 'Jim', 'stat': 0, 'uid': '0001'}
p1.x = 123
p1.__dict__ # {'level': 1, 'name': 'Jim', 'stat': 0, 'uid': '0001','x': 123}
p1.__dict__['y'] = 99
p1.y # 99
del p1.__dict__['x']
p1.x # no attribute
import sys
sys.getsizeof(p1.__dict__) # 得到对象使用的内存
p2.x = 1 # no attribute  __slots__提前定义属性，覆盖掉__dict__动态属性绑定

对象的上下文管理
with open('demo.txt', 'w') as f:
	f.write('abcdef')
	f.writelines(['xyz\n', '123\n'])
#f.close()  经常对文件操作时，使用上下文管理；在with语句结束后，不再显性关闭文件，而是交给上下文管理协议

实现一个telnet客户端的类TelnetClient,调用实例的start()方法启动客户端与服务器交互，交互完毕后调用cleanup()方法，关闭已连接的socket，以及将操作历史记录写入文件并关闭。能否让TelnetClient的实例支持上下文管理协议，从而替代手工cleanup()方法
from telnetlib import Telnet
from sys import stdin,stdout
from collections import deque
class TelnetClient(object):
	def __init__(self, addr, port=23):
		self.addr=addr
		self.port=port
		self.tn=None
	
	def start(self):
		self.tn = Telnet(self.addr, self.port)
		self.history = deque()
		
		# user
		t = self.tn.read_until('login: ')
		stdout.write(t)
		user = stdin.readline()
		self.tn.write(user)

		# password
		t = self.tn.read_until('Password: ')
		if t.startswith(user[:-1]): t = t[len(user) + 1:]
		stdout.write(t)
		self.tn.write(stdin.readline())

		t = self.tn.read_until('$ ')
		stdout.write(t)
		while True:
			uinput = stdin.readline()
			if not uinput:
				break
			self.history.append(uinput)
			self.tn.write(uinput)
			t = self.tn.read_until('$ ')
			stdout.write(t[len(uinput) + 1:])

def cleanup(self):
	self.tn.close()
	self.tn = None
	with open(self.addr + '_history.txt', 'w') as f:
		f.writelines(self.history)
		
client = TelnetClient('127.0.0.1')
print '\nstart...'
client.start()
print '\ncleanup'
client.cleanup()

# 实现上下文管理协议，需要定义实例的__enter__,__exit__方法，他们分别在with开始和结束时被调用
from telnetlib import Telnet
from sys import stdin,stdout
from collections import deque
class TelnetClient(object):
	def __init__(self, addr, port=23):
		self.addr=addr
		self.port=port
		self.tn=None
	
	def start(self):
		# rasie Exception('Test')
		# user
		t = self.tn.read_until('login: ')
		stdout.write(t)
		user = stdin.readline()
		self.tn.write(user)

		# password
		t = self.tn.read_until('Password: ')
		if t.startswith(user[:-1]): t = t[len(user) + 1:]
		stdout.write(t)
		self.tn.write(stdin.readline())

		t = self.tn.read_until('$ ')
		stdout.write(t)
		while True:
			uinput = stdin.readline()
			if not uinput:
				break
			self.history.append(uinput)
			self.tn.write(uinput)
			t = self.tn.read_until('$ ')
			stdout.write(t[len(uinput) + 1:])

	def __enter__(self):
		self.tn = Telnet(self.addr, self.port)
		self.history = deque()
		return self
	def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb): # 异常类型，异常值，异常跟踪;在不发生异常，都是None
		# print '__exit__'
		self.tn.close()
		self.tn = None
		with open(self.addr + '_history.txt', 'w') as f:
			f.writelines(self.history)
		# return True

with TelnetClient('127.0.0.1') as client:
	client.start()
# print 'END'