静态类型语言和动态类型语言

静态类型(statically typed )语言在编译时确定变量的类型(C/C++)，优点是可以编译时检查错误，可以较早的发现错误。
动态类型( dynamically typed)语言在运行时确定变量的类型(Pythod, Perl, Matlab )，优点是可以更快的编程，不需要指定类型，缺点是需要自己检查变量类型(type-checking)。

A language is statically typed if the type of a variable is known at compile time. For some languages this means that you as the programmer must specify what type each variable is (e.g.: Java, C, C++); other languages offer some form of type inference, the capability of the type system to deduce the type of a variable (e.g.: OCaml, Haskell, Scala)

The main advantage here is that all kinds of checking can be done by the compiler, and therefore a lot of trivial bugs are caught at a very early stage.

A language is dynamically typed if the type is associated with run-time values, and not named variables/fields/etc. This means that you as a programmer can write a little quicker because you do not have to specify types every time (unless using a statically-typed language with type inference). Example: Perl, Ruby, Python

Most scripting languages have this feature as there is no compiler to do static type-checking anyway, but you may find yourself searching for a bug that is due to the interpreter misinterpreting the type of a variable. Luckily, scripts tend to be small so bugs have not so many places to hide.
来源： http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1517582/what-is-the-difference-between-statically-typed-and-dynamically-typed-languages