简介
Keepalived 软件起初是专为LVS负载均衡软件设计的,用来管理并监控LVS集群系统中各个服务节点的状态,后来又加入了可以实现高可用的VRRP功能。因此,Keepalived除了能够管理LVS软件外,还可以作为其他服务(例如:Nginx、Haproxy、MySQL等)的高可用解决方案软件。
Keepalived软件主要是通过VRRP协议实现高可用功能的。VRRP是Virtual Router RedundancyProtocol(虚拟路由器冗余协议)的缩写,VRRP出现的目的就是为了解决静态路由单点故障问题的,它能够保证当个别节点宕机时,整个网络可以不间断地运行。
所以,Keepalived 一方面具有配置管理LVS的功能,同时还具有对LVS下面节点进行健康检查的功能,另一方面也可实现系统网络服务的高可用功能。
keepalived官网
keepalived 有三个重要的功能,分别是:
- 管理LVS负载均衡软件
- 实现LVS集群节点的健康检查
- 作为系统网络服务的高可用性(failover)
keepalived高可用故障转移的原理
Keepalived 高可用服务之间的故障切换转移,是通过 VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol ,虚拟路由器冗余协议)来实现的。
在 Keepalived 服务正常工作时,主 Master 节点会不断地向备节点发送(多播的方式)心跳消息,用以告诉备 Backup 节点自己还活看,当主 Master 节点发生故障时,就无法发送心跳消息,备节点也就因此无法继续检测到来自主 Master 节点的心跳了,于是调用自身的接管程序,接管主 Master 节点的 IP 资源及服务。而当主 Master 节点恢复时,备 Backup 节点又会释放主节点故障时自身接管的IP资源及服务,恢复到原来的备用角色。
那么,什么是VRRP呢?
VRRP ,全 称 Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol ,中文名为虚拟路由冗余协议 ,VRRP的出现就是为了解决静态踣甶的单点故障问题,VRRP是通过一种竞选机制来将路由的任务交给某台VRRP路由器的。
keepalived工作原理描述
Keepalived高可用对之间是通过VRRP通信的,因此,我们从 VRRP开始了解起:
- VRRP,全称 Virtual Router Redundancy
Protocol,中文名为虚拟路由冗余协议,VRRP的出现是为了解决静态路由的单点故障。 - VRRP是通过一种竟选协议机制来将路由任务交给某台 VRRP路由器的。
- VRRP用 IP多播的方式(默认多播地址(224.0_0.18))实现高可用对之间通信。
- 工作时主节点发包,备节点接包,当备节点接收不到主节点发的数据包的时候,就启动接管程序接管主节点的开源。备节点可以有多个,通过优先级竞选,但一般
Keepalived系统运维工作中都是一对。 - VRRP使用了加密协议加密数据,但Keepalived官方目前还是推荐用明文的方式配置认证类型和密码。
Keepalived服务的工作原理:
Keepalived高可用是通过 VRRP 进行通信的, VRRP是通过竞选机制来确定主备的,主的优先级高于备,因此,工作时主会优先获得所有的资源,备节点处于等待状态,当主挂了的时候,备节点就会接管主节点的资源,然后顶替主节点对外提供服务。
在 Keepalived 服务之间,只有作为主的服务器会一直发送 VRRP 广播包,告诉备它还活着,此时备不会枪占主,当主不可用时,即备监听不到主发送的广播包时,就会启动相关服务接管资源,保证业务的连续性.接管速度最快可以小于1秒。
keepalived实现httpd负载均衡机高可用
安装keepalived
环境说明
主机 | ip |
---|---|
master | 192.168.111.141 |
slave | 192.168.111.142 |
配置主keepalived
# 关闭防火墙和selinux
[root@master ~]# systemctl disable --now firewalld
Removed /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/firewalld.service.
Removed /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.
[root@master ~]# vi /etc/selinux/config
SELINUX=disabled
[root@master ~]# setenforce 0
[root@master ~]# reboot
# 安装软件工具
[root@master ~]# yum -y install epel-release vim wget gcc gcc-c++
# 安装keepalived
[root@master ~]# yum -y install keepalived
[root@master ~]# rpm -ql keepalived
/etc/keepalived
/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
/etc/sysconfig/keepalived
/usr/bin/genhash
/usr/lib/.build-id
/usr/lib/.build-id/0a
......
备服务器上安装keepalived
# 关闭防火墙和selinux
[root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname slave
[root@localhost ~]# bash
[root@slave ~]# systemctl disable --now firewalld
Removed /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/firewalld.service.
Removed /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.
[root@slave ~]# vi /etc/selinux/config
SELINUX=disabled
[root@slave ~]# setenforce 0
[root@slave ~]# reboot
# 安装keepalived
[root@slave ~]# yum -y install keepalived
在主备机上分别安装httpd
在master上安装httpd
[root@master ~]# yum -y install httpd
[root@master ~]# systemctl enable --now httpd
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/httpd.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service.
[root@master ~]# ss -anlt
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 *:80 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
[root@master ~]# cd /var/www/html/
[root@master html]# ls
[root@master html]# echo "192.168.111.141" > index.html
[root@master html]# cat index.html
192.168.111.141
[root@master html]# systemctl restart httpd
在slave上安装httpd
[root@slave ~]# yum -y install httpd
[root@slave ~]# systemctl enable --now httpd
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/httpd.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service.
[root@slave ~]# ss -anlt
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 *:80 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
keepalived配置
配置主keepalived
[root@master ~]# cd /etc/keepalived/
[root@master keepalived]# ls
keepalived.conf
[root@master keepalived]# vi keepalived.conf
! Configuration File for keepalived
global_defs {
router_id lb01
}
vrrp_instance VI_1 {
state MASTER
interface ens33
virtual_router_id 51
priority 100
advert_int 1
authentication {
auth_type PASS
auth_pass wangqing
}
virtual_ipaddress {
192.168.111.250
}
}
virtual_server 192.168.111.250 80 {
delay_loop 6
lb_algo rr
lb_kind DR
persistence_timeout 50
protocol TCP
real_server 192.168.111.141 80 {
weight 1
TCP_CHECK {
connect_port 80
connect_timeout 3
nb_get_retry 3
delay_before_retry 3
}
}
real_server 192.168.111.142 80 {
weight 1
TCP_CHECK {
connect_port 80
connect_timeout 3
nb_get_retry 3
delay_before_retry 3
}
}
}
[root@master keepalived]# systemctl restart keepalived
[root@master keepalived]# systemctl enable keepalived
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/keepalived.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/keepalived.service.
[root@master keepalived]# systemctl status keepalived
● keepalived.service - LVS and VRRP High Availability Monitor
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/keepalived.service; enabled; vendor pre>
Active: active (running) since Fri 2021-10-22 03:04:33 CST; 10s ago
Process: 13416 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/keepalived $KEEPALIVED_OPTIONS (code=exited, >
Main PID: 13417 (keepalived)
Tasks: 3 (limit: 11293)
Memory: 2.7M
CGroup: /system.slice/keepalived.service
├─13417 /usr/sbin/keepalived -D
├─13418 /usr/sbin/keepalived -D
└─13419 /usr/sbin/keepalived -D
配置备keepalived
[root@slave ~]# vi /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
! Configuration File for keepalived
global_defs {
router_id lb02
}
vrrp_instance VI_1 {
state BACKUP
interface ens160
virtual_router_id 51
priority 90
advert_int 1
authentication {
auth_type PASS
auth_pass wangqing
}
virtual_ipaddress {
192.168.111.250
}
}
virtual_server 192.168.111.250 80 {
delay_loop 6
lb_algo rr
lb_kind DR
persistence_timeout 50
protocol TCP
real_server 192.168.111.141 80 {
weight 1
TCP_CHECK {
connect_port 80
connect_timeout 3
nb_get_retry 3
delay_before_retry 3
}
}
real_server 192.168.111.142 80 {
weight 1
TCP_CHECK {
connect_port 80
connect_timeout 3
nb_get_retry 3
delay_before_retry 3
}
}
}
[root@slave ~]# systemctl enable --now keepalived
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/keepalived.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/keepalived.service.
[root@slave ~]# systemctl status keepalived
● keepalived.service - LVS and VRRP High Availability Monitor
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/keepalived.service; enabled; vendor pre>
Active: active (running) since Fri 2021-10-22 03:09:53 CST; 9s ago
Process: 12361 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/keepalived $KEEPALIVED_OPTIONS (code=exited, >
Main PID: 12362 (keepalived)
Tasks: 3 (limit: 11300)
Memory: 2.7M
CGroup: /system.slice/keepalived.service
├─12362 /usr/sbin/keepalived -D
├─12363 /usr/sbin/keepalived -D
└─12364 /usr/sbin/keepalived -D
查看VIP在哪里
在MASTER上查看
[root@master keepalived]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:07:67:13 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.111.141/24 brd 192.168.111.255 scope global noprefixroute ens160
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet 192.168.111.250/32 scope global ens160
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::386d:70f:1bdf:e99e/64 scope link noprefixroute
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
在SLAVE上查看
[root@slave ~]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:91:4b:ec brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.111.142/24 brd 192.168.111.255 scope global noprefixroute ens160
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::9bdb:c6a0:688b:97d0/64 scope link noprefixroute
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
keepalived监控httpd
在master上编写脚本
[root@master ~]# mkdir /scripts
[root@master ~]# cd /scripts/
[root@master scripts]# vim check_h.sh
#!/bin/bash
httpd_status=$(ps -ef|grep -Ev "grep|$0"|grep '\bhttpd\b'|wc -l)
if [ $httpd_status -lt 1 ];then
systemctl stop keepalived
fi
[root@master scripts]# chmod +x check_h.sh
[root@master scripts]# vim notify.sh
#!/bin/bash
VIP=$2
sendmail (){
subject="${VIP}'s server keepalived state is translate"
content="`date +'%F %T'`: `hostname`'s state change to master"
echo $content | mail -s "$subject" 2252628021@qq.com
}
case "$1" in
master)
httpd_status=$(ps -ef|grep -Ev "grep|$0"|grep '\bhttpd\b'|wc -l)
if [ $httpd_status -lt 1 ];then
systemctl start httpd
fi
sendmail
;;
backup)
httpd_status=$(ps -ef|grep -Ev "grep|$0"|grep '\bhttpd\b'|wc -l)
if [ $httpd_status -gt 0 ];then
systemctl stop httpd
fi
;;
*)
echo "Usage:$0 master|backup VIP"
;;
esac
[root@master scripts]# chmod +x notify.sh
[root@master scripts]# ll
total 8
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 142 Oct 22 03:14 check_h.sh
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 662 Oct 22 03:17 notify.sh
配置keepalived加入监控脚本的配置
配置主keepalived
[root@master ~]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
! Configuration File for keepalived
global_defs {
router_id lb01
}
vrrp_instance VI_1 {
state MASTER
interface ens160
virtual_router_id 51
priority 100
advert_int 1
authentication {
auth_type PASS
auth_pass wangqing
}
virtual_ipaddress {
192.168.111.250
}
track_script {
httpd_check
}
notify_master "/scripts/notify.sh master 192.168.111.250"
notify_backup "/scripts/notify.sh backup 192.168.111.250"
}
virtual_server 192.168.111.250 80 {
delay_loop 6
lb_algo rr
lb_kind DR
persistence_timeout 50
protocol TCP
real_server 192.168.111.141 80 {
weight 1
TCP_CHECK {
connect_port 80
connect_timeout 3
nb_get_retry 3
delay_before_retry 3
}
}
real_server 192.168.111.142 80 {
weight 1
TCP_CHECK {
connect_port 80
connect_timeout 3
nb_get_retry 3
delay_before_retry 3
}
}
}
配置备keepalived
[root@slave ~]# vi /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
! Configuration File for keepalived
global_defs {
router_id lb02
}
vrrp_instance VI_1 {
state BACKUP
interface ens160
virtual_router_id 51
priority 90
advert_int 1
authentication {
auth_type PASS
auth_pass wangqing
}
virtual_ipaddress {
192.168.111.250
}
notify_master "/scripts/notify.sh master 192.168.111.250"
notify_backup "/scripts/notify.sh backup 192.168.111.250"
}
virtual_server 192.168.111.250 80 {
delay_loop 6
lb_algo rr
lb_kind DR
persistence_timeout 50
protocol TCP
real_server 192.168.111.141 80 {
weight 1
TCP_CHECK {
connect_port 80
connect_timeout 3
nb_get_retry 3
delay_before_retry 3
}
}
real_server 192.168.111.142 80 {
weight 1
TCP_CHECK {
connect_port 80
connect_timeout 3
nb_get_retry 3
delay_before_retry 3
}
}
}
模拟主服务器宕机
[root@master ~]# systemctl stop keepalived
[root@master ~]# systemctl stop httpd