- 使用大数据，了解怎么处理数据不能一次全部加载到内存的情况。如果你内存充足，当我没说
- 训练好的模型的保存和使用
- 使用的模型没变，还是简单的feedforward神经网络（update：添加CNN模型）
- 如果你要运行本帖代码，推荐使用GPU版本或强大的VPS，我使用小笔记本差点等吐血
- 后续有关于中文的练习《TensorFlow练习13: 制作一个简单的聊天机器人》《TensorFlow练习7: 基于RNN生成古诗词》《TensorFlow练习18: 根据姓名判断性别》
在正文开始之前，我画了一个机器学习模型的基本开发流程图：
使用的数据集
使用的数据集：http://help.sentiment140.com/for-students/ (情绪分析)
数据集包含1百60万条推特，包含消极、中性和积极tweet。不知道有没有现成的微博数据集。
数据格式：移除表情符号的CSV文件，字段如下：
- 0 – the polarity of the tweet (0 = negative, 2 = neutral, 4 = positive)
- 1 – the id of the tweet (2087)
- 2 – the date of the tweet (Sat May 16 23:58:44 UTC 2009)
- 3 – the query (lyx). If there is no query, then this value is NO_QUERY.
- 4 – the user that tweeted (robotickilldozr)
- 5 – the text of the tweet (Lyx is cool)
training.1600000.processed.noemoticon.csv（238M）
testdata.manual.2009.06.14.csv（74K）
数据预处理
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import
nltk
from
nltk
.
tokenize
import
word_tokenize
from
nltk
.
stem
import
WordNetLemmatizer
import
pickle
import
numpy
as
np
import
pandas
as
pd
from
collections
import
OrderedDict
org_train_file
=
'training.1600000.processed.noemoticon.csv'
org_test_file
=
'testdata.manual.2009.06.14.csv'
# 提取文件中有用的字段
def
usefull_filed
(
org_file
,
output_file
)
:
output
=
open
(
output_file
,
'w'
)
with
open
(
org_file
,
buffering
=
10000
,
encoding
=
'latin-1'
)
as
f
:
try
:
for
line
in
f
:
# "4","2193601966","Tue Jun 16 08:40:49 PDT 2009","NO_QUERY","AmandaMarie1028","Just woke up. Having no school is the best feeling ever "
line
=
line
.
replace
(
'"'
,
''
)
clf
=
line
.
split
(
','
)
[
0
]
# 4
if
clf
==
'0'
:
clf
=
[
0
,
0
,
1
]
# 消极评论
elif
clf
==
'2'
:
clf
=
[
0
,
1
,
0
]
# 中性评论
elif
clf
==
'4'
:
clf
=
[
1
,
0
,
0
]
# 积极评论
tweet
=
line
.
split
(
','
)
[
-
1
]
outputline
=
str
(
clf
)
+
':%:%:%:'
+
tweet
output
.
write
(
outputline
)
# [0, 0, 1]:%:%:%: that's a bummer. You shoulda got David Carr of Third Day to do it. ;D
except
Exception
as
e
:
print
(
e
)
output
.
close
(
)
# 处理完成，处理后文件大小127.5M
usefull_filed
(
org_train_file
,
'training.csv'
)
usefull_filed
(
org_test_file
,
'tesing.csv'
)
# 创建词汇表
def
create_lexicon
(
train_file
)
:
lex
=
[
]
lemmatizer
=
WordNetLemmatizer
(
)
with
open
(
train_file
,
buffering
=
10000
,
encoding
=
'latin-1'
)
as
f
:
try
:
count_word
=
{
}
# 统计单词出现次数
for
line
in
f
:
tweet
=
line
.
split
(
':%:%:%:'
)
[
1
]
words
=
word_tokenize
(
line
.
lower
(
)
)
for
word
in
words
:
word
=
lemmatizer
.
lemmatize
(
word
)
if
word
not
in
count_word
:
count_word
[
word
]
=
1
else
:
count_word
[
word
]
+=
1
count_word
=
OrderedDict
(
sorted
(
count_word
.
items
(
)
,
key
=
lambda
t
:
t
[
1
]
)
)
for
word
in
count_word
:
if
count_word
[
word
]
<
100000
and
count_word
[
word
]
>
100
:
# 过滤掉一些词
lex
.
append
(
word
)
except
Exception
as
e
:
print
(
e
)
return
lex
lex
=
create_lexicon
(
'training.csv'
)
with
open
(
'lexcion.pickle'
,
'wb'
)
as
f
:
pickle
.
dump
(
lex
,
f
)
"""
# 把字符串转为向量
def string_to_vector(input_file, output_file, lex):
output_f = open(output_file, 'w')
lemmatizer = WordNetLemmatizer()
with open(input_file, buffering=10000, encoding='latin-1') as f:
for line in f:
label = line.split(':%:%:%:')[0]
tweet = line.split(':%:%:%:')[1]
words = word_tokenize(tweet.lower())
words = [lemmatizer.lemmatize(word) for word in words]
features = np.zeros(len(lex))
for word in words:
if word in lex:
features[lex.index(word)] = 1 # 一个句子中某个词可能出现两次,可以用+=1，其实区别不大
features = list(features)
output_f.write(str(label) + ":" + str(features) + '\n')
output_f.close()
f = open('lexcion.pickle', 'rb')
lex = pickle.load(f)
f.close()
# lexcion词汇表大小112k,training.vec大约112k*1600000 170G 太大，只能边转边训练了
# string_to_vector('training.csv', 'training.vec', lex)
# string_to_vector('tesing.csv', 'tesing.vec', lex)
"""
|
上面代码把原始数据转为training.csv、和tesing.csv，里面只包含label和tweet。lexcion.pickle文件保存了词汇表。
如果数据文件太大，不能一次加载到内存，可以把数据导入数据库
Dask可处理大csv文件
开始漫长的训练
|
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|
import
os
import
random
import
tensorflow
as
tf
import
pickle
import
numpy
as
np
from
nltk
.
tokenize
import
word
_tokenize
from
nltk
.
stem
import
WordNetLemmatizer
f
=
open
(
'lexcion.pickle'
,
'rb'
)
lex
=
pickle
.
load
(
f
)
f
.
close
(
)
def
get_random_line
(
file
,
point
)
:
file
.
seek
(
point
)
file
.
readline
(
)
return
file
.
readline
(
)
# 从文件中随机选择n条记录
def
get_n_random_line
(
file_name
,
n
=
150
)
:
lines
=
[
]
file
=
open
(
file_name
,
encoding
=
'latin-1'
)
total_bytes
=
os
.
stat
(
file_name
)
.
st
_size
for
i
in
range
(
n
)
:
random_point
=
random
.
randint
(
0
,
total_bytes
)
lines
.
append
(
get_random_line
(
file
,
random_point
)
)
file
.
close
(
)
return
lines
def
get_test_dataset
(
test_file
)
:
with
open
(
test_file
,
encoding
=
'latin-1'
)
as
f
:
test_x
=
[
]
test_y
=
[
]
lemmatizer
=
WordNetLemmatizer
(
)
for
line
in
f
:
label
=
line
.
split
(
':%:%:%:'
)
[
0
]
tweet
=
line
.
split
(
':%:%:%:'
)
[
1
]
words
=
word_tokenize
(
tweet
.
lower
(
)
)
words
=
[
lemmatizer
.
lemmatize
(
word
)
for
word
in
words
]
features
=
np
.
zeros
(
len
(
lex
)
)
for
word
in
words
:
if
word
in
lex
:
features
[
lex
.
index
(
word
)
]
=
1
test_x
.
append
(
list
(
features
)
)
test_y
.
append
(
eval
(
label
)
)
return
test_x
,
test
_y
test_x
,
test_y
=
get_test_dataset
(
'tesing.csv'
)
#######################################################################
n_input_layer
=
len
(
lex
)
# 输入层
n_layer_1
=
2000
# hide layer
n_layer_2
=
2000
# hide layer(隐藏层)听着很神秘，其实就是除输入输出层外的中间层
n_output_layer
=
3
# 输出层
def
neural_network
(
data
)
:
# 定义第一层"神经元"的权重和biases
layer_1_w_b
=
{
'w_'
:
tf
.
Variable
(
tf
.
random_normal
(
[
n_input_layer
,
n_layer_1
]
)
)
,
'b_'
:
tf
.
Variable
(
tf
.
random_normal
(
[
n_layer_1
]
)
)
}
# 定义第二层"神经元"的权重和biases
layer_2_w_b
=
{
'w_'
:
tf
.
Variable
(
tf
.
random_normal
(
[
n_layer_1
,
n_layer_2
]
)
)
,
'b_'
:
tf
.
Variable
(
tf
.
random_normal
(
[
n_layer_2
]
)
)
}
# 定义输出层"神经元"的权重和biases
layer_output_w_b
=
{
'w_'
:
tf
.
Variable
(
tf
.
random_normal
(
[
n_layer_2
,
n_output_layer
]
)
)
,
'b_'
:
tf
.
Variable
(
tf
.
random_normal
(
[
n_output_layer
]
)
)
}
# w·x+b
layer_1
=
tf
.
add
(
tf
.
matmul
(
data
,
layer_1_w_b
[
'w_'
]
)
,
layer_1_w_b
[
'b_'
]
)
layer_1
=
tf
.
nn
.
relu
(
layer_1
)
# 激活函数
layer_2
=
tf
.
add
(
tf
.
matmul
(
layer_1
,
layer_2_w_b
[
'w_'
]
)
,
layer_2_w_b
[
'b_'
]
)
layer_2
=
tf
.
nn
.
relu
(
layer
_2
)
# 激活函数
layer_output
=
tf
.
add
(
tf
.
matmul
(
layer_2
,
layer_output_w_b
[
'w_'
]
)
,
layer_output_w_b
[
'b_'
]
)
return
layer
_output
X
=
tf
.
placeholder
(
'float'
)
Y
=
tf
.
placeholder
(
'float'
)
batch_size
=
90
def
train_neural_network
(
X
,
Y
)
:
predict
=
neural_network
(
X
)
cost_func
=
tf
.
reduce_mean
(
tf
.
nn
.
softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits
(
predict
,
Y
)
)
optimizer
=
tf
.
train
.
AdamOptimizer
(
)
.
minimize
(
cost_func
)
with
tf
.
Session
(
)
as
session
:
session
.
run
(
tf
.
initialize_all_variables
(
)
)
lemmatizer
=
WordNetLemmatizer
(
)
saver
=
tf
.
train
.
Saver
(
)
i
=
0
pre_accuracy
=
0
while
True
:
# 一直训练
batch_x
=
[
]
batch_y
=
[
]
#if model.ckpt文件已存在:
# saver.restore(session, 'model.ckpt') 恢复保存的session
try
:
lines
=
get_n_random_line
(
'training.csv'
,
batch_size
)
for
line
in
lines
:
label
=
line
.
split
(
':%:%:%:'
)
[
0
]
tweet
=
line
.
split
(
':%:%:%:'
)
[
1
]
words
=
word_tokenize
(
tweet
.
lower
(
)
)
words
=
[
lemmatizer
.
lemmatize
(
word
)
for
word
in
words
]
features
=
np
.
zeros
(
len
(
lex
)
)
for
word
in
words
:
if
word
in
lex
:
features
[
lex
.
index
(
word
)
]
=
1
# 一个句子中某个词可能出现两次,可以用+=1，其实区别不大
batch_x
.
append
(
list
(
features
)
)
batch_y
.
append
(
eval
(
label
)
)
session
.
run
(
[
optimizer
,
cost_func
]
,
feed_dict
=
{
X
:
batch_x
,
Y
:
batch_y
}
)
except
Exception
as
e
:
print
(
e
)
# 准确率
if
i
>
100
:
correct
=
tf
.
equal
(
tf
.
argmax
(
predict
,
1
)
,
tf
.
argmax
(
Y
,
1
)
)
accuracy
=
tf
.
reduce_mean
(
tf
.
cast
(
correct
,
'float'
)
)
accuracy
=
accuracy
.
eval
(
{
X
:
test_x
,
Y
:
test_y
}
)
if
accuracy
>
pre_accuracy
:
# 保存准确率最高的训练模型
print
(
'准确率: '
,
accuracy
)
pre_accuracy
=
accuracy
saver
.
save
(
session
,
'model.ckpt'
)
# 保存session
i
=
0
i
+=
1
train_neural_network
(
X
,
Y
)
|
上面程序占用内存600M，峰值1G。
运行：
训练模型保存为model.ckpt。
使用训练好的模型
|
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|
import
tensorflow
as
tf
import
pickle
from
nltk
.
tokenize
import
word_tokenize
from
nltk
.
stem
import
WordNetLemmatizer
import
numpy
as
np
f
=
open
(
'lexcion.pickle'
,
'rb'
)
lex
=
pickle
.
load
(
f
)
f
.
close
(
)
n_input_layer
=
len
(
lex
)
# 输入层
n_layer_1
=
2000
# hide layer
n_layer_2
=
2000
# hide layer(隐藏层)听着很神秘，其实就是除输入输出层外的中间层
n_output_layer
=
3
# 输出层
def
neural_network
(
data
)
:
# 定义第一层"神经元"的权重和biases
layer_1_w_b
=
{
'w_'
:
tf
.
Variable
(
tf
.
random_normal
(
[
n_input_layer
,
n_layer_1
]
)
)
,
'b_'
:
tf
.
Variable
(
tf
.
random_normal
(
[
n_layer_1
]
)
)
}
# 定义第二层"神经元"的权重和biases
layer_2_w_b
=
{
'w_'
:
tf
.
Variable
(
tf
.
random_normal
(
[
n_layer_1
,
n_layer_2
]
)
)
,
'b_'
:
tf
.
Variable
(
tf
.
random_normal
(
[
n_layer_2
]
)
)
}
# 定义输出层"神经元"的权重和biases
layer_output_w_b
=
{
'w_'
:
tf
.
Variable
(
tf
.
random_normal
(
[
n_layer_2
,
n_output_layer
]
)
)
,
'b_'
:
tf
.
Variable
(
tf
.
random_normal
(
[
n_output_layer
]
)
)
}
# w·x+b
layer_1
=
tf
.
add
(
tf
.
matmul
(
data
,
layer_1_w_b
[
'w_'
]
)
,
layer_1_w_b
[
'b_'
]
)
layer_1
=
tf
.
nn
.
relu
(
layer_1
)
# 激活函数
layer_2
=
tf
.
add
(
tf
.
matmul
(
layer_1
,
layer_2_w_b
[
'w_'
]
)
,
layer_2_w_b
[
'b_'
]
)
layer_2
=
tf
.
nn
.
relu
(
layer
_2
)
# 激活函数
layer_output
=
tf
.
add
(
tf
.
matmul
(
layer_2
,
layer_output_w_b
[
'w_'
]
)
,
layer_output_w_b
[
'b_'
]
)
return
layer
_output
X
=
tf
.
placeholder
(
'float'
)
def
prediction
(
tweet_text
)
:
predict
=
neural_network
(
X
)
with
tf
.
Session
(
)
as
session
:
session
.
run
(
tf
.
initialize_all_variables
(
)
)
saver
=
tf
.
train
.
Saver
(
)
saver
.
restore
(
session
,
'model.ckpt'
)
lemmatizer
=
WordNetLemmatizer
(
)
words
=
word_tokenize
(
tweet_text
.
lower
(
)
)
words
=
[
lemmatizer
.
lemmatize
(
word
)
for
word
in
words
]
features
=
np
.
zeros
(
len
(
lex
)
)
for
word
in
words
:
if
word
in
lex
:
features
[
lex
.
index
(
word
)
]
=
1
#print(predict.eval(feed_dict={X:[features]})) [[val1,val2,val3]]
res
=
session
.
run
(
tf
.
argmax
(
predict
.
eval
(
feed_dict
=
{
X
:
[
features
]
}
)
,
1
)
)
return
res
prediction
(
"I am very happe"
)
|
上面使用简单的feedfroward模型，下面使用CNN模型
|
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# https://github.com/Lab41/sunny-side-up
import
os
import
random
import
tensorflow
as
tf
import
pickle
import
numpy
as
np
from
nltk
.
tokenize
import
word_tokenize
from
nltk
.
stem
import
WordNetLemmatizer
f
=
open
(
'lexcion.pickle'
,
'rb'
)
lex
=
pickle
.
load
(
f
)
f
.
close
(
)
def
get_random_line
(
file
,
point
)
:
file
.
seek
(
point
)
file
.
readline
(
)
return
file
.
readline
(
)
# 从文件中随机选择n条记录
def
get_n_random_line
(
file_name
,
n
=
150
)
:
lines
=
[
]
file
=
open
(
file_name
,
encoding
=
'latin-1'
)
total_bytes
=
os
.
stat
(
file_name
)
.
st_size
for
i
in
range
(
n
)
:
random_point
=
random
.
randint
(
0
,
total_bytes
)
lines
.
append
(
get_random_line
(
file
,
random_point
)
)
file
.
close
(
)
return
lines
def
get_test_dataset
(
test_file
)
:
with
open
(
test_file
,
encoding
=
'latin-1'
)
as
f
:
test_x
=
[
]
test_y
=
[
]
lemmatizer
=
WordNetLemmatizer
(
)
for
line
in
f
:
label
=
line
.
split
(
':%:%:%:'
)
[
0
]
tweet
=
line
.
split
(
':%:%:%:'
)
[
1
]
words
=
word_tokenize
(
tweet
.
lower
(
)
)
words
=
[
lemmatizer
.
lemmatize
(
word
)
for
word
in
words
]
features
=
np
.
zeros
(
len
(
lex
)
)
for
word
in
words
:
if
word
in
lex
:
features
[
lex
.
index
(
word
)
]
=
1
test_x
.
append
(
list
(
features
)
)
test_y
.
append
(
eval
(
label
)
)
return
test_x
,
test_y
test_x
,
test_y
=
get_test_dataset
(
'tesing.csv'
)
##############################################################################
input_size
=
len
(
lex
)
num_classes
=
3
X
=
tf
.
placeholder
(
tf
.
int32
,
[
None
,
input_size
]
)
Y
=
tf
.
placeholder
(
tf
.
float32
,
[
None
,
num_classes
]
)
dropout_keep_prob
=
tf
.
placeholder
(
tf
.
float32
)
batch_size
=
90
def
neural_network
(
)
:
# embedding layer
with
tf
.
device
(
'/cpu:0'
)
,
tf
.
name_scope
(
"embedding"
)
:
embedding_size
=
128
W
=
tf
.
Variable
(
tf
.
random_uniform
(
[
input_size
,
embedding_size
]
,
-
1.0
,
1.0
)
)
embedded_chars
=
tf
.
nn
.
embedding_lookup
(
W
,
X
)
embedded_chars_expanded
=
tf
.
expand_dims
(
embedded_chars
,
-
1
)
# convolution + maxpool layer
num_filters
=
128
filter_sizes
=
[
3
,
4
,
5
]
pooled_outputs
=
[
]
for
i
,
filter_size
in
enumerate
(
filter_sizes
)
:
with
tf
.
name_scope
(
"conv-maxpool-%s"
%
filter_size
)
:
filter_shape
=
[
filter_size
,
embedding_size
,
1
,
num_filters
]
W
=
tf
.
Variable
(
tf
.
truncated_normal
(
filter_shape
,
stddev
=
0.1
)
)
b
=
tf
.
Variable
(
tf
.
constant
(
0.1
,
shape
=
[
num_filters
]
)
)
conv
=
tf
.
nn
.
conv2d
(
embedded_chars_expanded
,
W
,
strides
=
[
1
,
1
,
1
,
1
]
,
padding
=
"VALID"
)
h
=
tf
.
nn
.
relu
(
tf
.
nn
.
bias_add
(
conv
,
b
)
)
pooled
=
tf
.
nn
.
max_pool
(
h
,
ksize
=
[
1
,
input_size
-
filter_size
+
1
,
1
,
1
]
,
strides
=
[
1
,
1
,
1
,
1
]
,
padding
=
'VALID'
)
pooled_outputs
.
append
(
pooled
)
num_filters_total
=
num_filters
*
len
(
filter_sizes
)
h_pool
=
tf
.
concat
(
3
,
pooled_outputs
)
h_pool_flat
=
tf
.
reshape
(
h_pool
,
[
-
1
,
num_filters_total
]
)
# dropout
with
tf
.
name_scope
(
"dropout"
)
:
h_drop
=
tf
.
nn
.
dropout
(
h_pool_flat
,
dropout_keep_prob
)
# output
with
tf
.
name_scope
(
"output"
)
:
W
=
tf
.
get_variable
(
"W"
,
shape
=
[
num_filters_total
,
num_classes
]
,
initializer
=
tf
.
contrib
.
layers
.
xavier_initializer
(
)
)
b
=
tf
.
Variable
(
tf
.
constant
(
0.1
,
shape
=
[
num_classes
]
)
)
output
=
tf
.
nn
.
xw_plus_b
(
h_drop
,
W
,
b
)
return
output
def
train_neural_network
(
)
:
output
=
neural_network
(
)
optimizer
=
tf
.
train
.
AdamOptimizer
(
1e
-
3
)
loss
=
tf
.
reduce_mean
(
tf
.
nn
.
softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits
(
output
,
Y
)
)
grads_and_vars
=
optimizer
.
compute_gradients
(
loss
)
train_op
=
optimizer
.
apply_gradients
(
grads_and_vars
)
saver
=
tf
.
train
.
Saver
(
tf
.
global_variables
(
)
)
with
tf
.
Session
(
)
as
sess
:
sess
.
run
(
tf
.
global_variables_initializer
(
)
)
lemmatizer
=
WordNetLemmatizer
(
)
i
=
0
while
True
:
batch_x
=
[
]
batch_y
=
[
]
#if model.ckpt文件已存在:
# saver.restore(session, 'model.ckpt') 恢复保存的session
try
:
lines
=
get_n_random_line
(
'training.csv'
,
batch_size
)
for
line
in
lines
:
label
=
line
.
split
(
':%:%:%:'
)
[
0
]
tweet
=
line
.
split
(
':%:%:%:'
)
[
1
]
words
=
word_tokenize
(
tweet
.
lower
(
)
)
words
=
[
lemmatizer
.
lemmatize
(
word
)
for
word
in
words
]
features
=
np
.
zeros
(
len
(
lex
)
)
for
word
in
words
:
if
word
in
lex
:
features
[
lex
.
index
(
word
)
]
=
1
# 一个句子中某个词可能出现两次,可以用+=1，其实区别不大
batch_x
.
append
(
list
(
features
)
)
batch_y
.
append
(
eval
(
label
)
)
_
,
loss_
=
sess
.
run
(
[
train_op
,
loss
]
,
feed_dict
=
{
X
:
batch_x
,
Y
:
batch_y
,
dropout_keep_prob
:
0.5
}
)
print
(
loss_
)
except
Exception
as
e
:
print
(
e
)
if
i
%
10
==
0
:
predictions
=
tf
.
argmax
(
output
,
1
)
correct_predictions
=
tf
.
equal
(
predictions
,
tf
.
argmax
(
Y
,
1
)
)
accuracy
=
tf
.
reduce_mean
(
tf
.
cast
(
correct_predictions
,
"float"
)
)
accur
=
sess
.
run
(
accuracy
,
feed_dict
=
{
X
:
test_x
[
0
:
50
]
,
Y
:
test_y
[
0
:
50
]
,
dropout_keep_prob
:
1.0
}
)
print
(
'准确率:'
,
accur
)
i
+=
1
train_neural_network
(
)
|
使用了CNN模型之后，准确率有了显著提升。
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