（C++）大学生作业之图书馆管理系统（包括流文件操作）（简化版）

程序设计实训报告

一，实验目的
独立自主完成一个综合性编程设计命题，培养和训练应用编程解决分析和解决问题的能力。
二，实验题目
图书借阅管理

三，实验结果

 四，程序代码

#include<iostream>
#include<string>
#include<vector>
#include<map>
#include<fstream>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
class Book //书籍类
{public:
    Book()                          //无参构造函数
    { borrow_flag = false;
    }   //下行是有参构造函数
    Book(string bookName, int bookNum, string bookAuthor,string bookLocation)   {   borrow_flag = false;
    } 
    void setReader(string reader,string lcn, string data); //设置读者
    void setInfo(string bookName, int bookNum, string bookAuther,string     bookLocation); //设置书籍信息
    string getbookName()
    {   return bookName;
    }
    int getNum()
    {   return bookNum;
    }
    string getReader()
    {   return reader;
    }   
    bool getBorrow_flag()
    {   return borrow_flag;
    }//判断书籍是否借出，bool为布尔型用作逻辑判断

    void setBorrow_flag(bool b)
    { borrow_flag = b;
    }
    void bookshow();        //显示数据信息
    string bookName;  //书名
    int bookNum;   //编号（唯一标示）
    string bookAuthor; //作者
    string bookLocation;
    bool borrow_flag;
    string reader; //读者
    string lcn;       //借书证号
    string data;   //借书日期
};

void Book::setReader(string reader,string lcn, string data)
{   borrow_flag = true;
    this->reader.assign(reader);
    this->lcn.assign(lcn);
    this->data.assign(data);
}
void Book::setInfo(string bookName, int bookNum, string bookAuthor,string bookLocation)
{   this->bookName.assign(bookName);
    this->bookNum=bookNum;
    this->bookAuthor.assign(bookAuthor);
    this->bookLocation.assign(bookLocation);
}
void Book::bookshow()
{   cout<<"书籍名称："<<"《"<<bookName<<"》"<<endl;
    cout<<"作者：    "<<bookAuthor<<endl;
    cout<<"书籍编号："<<bookNum<<endl;
    cout<<"书籍位置："<<bookLocation<<endl;
    if(borrow_flag)
    {   cout<<"读者姓名："<<reader<<endl;
        cout<<"借书证号："<<lcn<<endl;
        cout<<"借书日期："<<data<<endl;
    }
    else
        cout<<"书籍未被借出"<<endl;
}
class Library
{   public://书籍库
    Library();
    void addBook();                //向图书馆里加书籍
    void deleteBook();   //删除无用书籍
    void borrowBook();   //借书，之前先判断书籍是否存在
    void returnBook();   //还书
    void getReader();  //查询某编号的书是谁借了
    void checkBook();//检索图书
    void sortBook();//图书排序
    int searchNum(int bookNum); //根据编号得到书在数组中的下标
    vector<Book> getBooks()
    {   return books;
    }
    void showInfo();//展现所有书籍信息
    void Save();//存入书籍文件
    int getTotalBooks()
    { return (currentNum + borrowNum);
    }
private:
    vector<Book> books;//所有书籍
    map<string, int> readers;  //存储读者及其所借的书籍数目
    int currentNum;   //库存书籍数目(不包括借出的)
    int borrowNum;     //借出书籍数目
};
bool cmpBybookNum(Book a,Book b)
{   return a.bookNum<b.bookNum;
}
Library::Library()
{   currentNum = 0;
    borrowNum = 0;
    int AllBook;
    AllBook=books.size();
    ifstream fin("books.txt");
    if(fin)
    {   fin>>AllBook;
        for(int i=0; i<AllBook; i++)
        {   Book b;
            fin>>b.bookName>>b.bookAuthor>>b.bookNum>>b.bookLocation;
            fin>>b.borrow_flag;
            if(b.borrow_flag)
            {   fin>>b.reader>>b.lcn>>b.data;
            }
            books.push_back(b);
        }
        fin.close();
    }
}
void Library::sortBook()//书籍排序
{   sort(books.begin(),books.end(),cmpBybookNum);
}
void Library::Save() //存入书籍文件
{   ofstream fout("books.txt");
    if (fout)
    {   fout<<books.size()<<" ";
        for (int i = 0; i <(int)books.size(); i++)
        {   fout<<books[i].bookName<<" "<<books[i].bookAuthor<<" "<<books[i].bookNum<<" "<<books[i].bookLocation<<" "<<books[i].borrow_flag<<" ";
            if(books[i].borrow_flag)
            {  
                fout<<books[i].reader<<" "<<books[i].lcn<<" "<<books[i].data<<" ";
            }
        }
        fout.close();
    }
}
void Library::showInfo()
{   if(books.size()<1)
    {   cout<<"目前馆内并无图书！"<<endl;
        system("pause");
        system("cls");
    }
    else
    {   cout << "*****所有图书信息******\n\n";
        for (int i = 0; i < books.size(); i++)

        {   cout << "第" << i + 1 << "本书籍的信息。" << endl;
            books[i].bookshow();
            cout<<"\n";
        }
        system("pause");

        system("cls");

    }
}
int Library::searchNum(int bookNum)
{   int i;
    for (i = 0; i < books.size(); i++)
    {   if (books[i].getNum() == bookNum)
            return i;
    }
    return -1;
}
void Library::addBook()
{   int bookNum;
    string bookName,bookAuthor,bookLocation;
    int Instruct;
    Book b;
    cout << "********增加界面*************\n\n";
    do
    {   cout<<"请输入书籍名称: "<<endl;
        cin>>bookName;
        cout<<"请输入书籍作者:"<<endl;
        cin>>bookAuthor;
        cout<<"请输入书籍编号:"<<endl;
        cin>>bookNum;
        cout<<"请输入书籍位置："<<endl;
        cin>>bookLocation;
        b.setInfo(bookName,bookNum,bookAuthor,bookLocation);
        if(searchNum(bookNum)==-1)
        {   books.push_back(b);
            currentNum++;
            cout<<"\n添加成功"<<endl;
            cout<<"输入1继续添加书籍，输入2退出\n";
            cin>>Instruct;
        }
        else
        {   cout<<"已存在该编号的书籍，添加失败。\n"<<endl;
            cout<<"输入1重新添加书籍，输入2退出";
            cin>>Instruct;
        }
    }while(Instruct==1);
    system("pause");
    system("cls");
}

void Library::deleteBook()
{   int bookNum,index;
    int Instruct;
    Book b;
    cout << "  *****删除界面*****\n\n";
    do
    {   cout<<"输入要删除的书籍编号";
        cin>>bookNum;
        index=searchNum(bookNum);
        if(index!=-1)//删除信息（具体）
        {   if(!books[index].getBorrow_flag())
            {   cout<<"删除的书籍信息\n";
                books[index].bookshow();
                books.erase(books.begin() + index);
                currentNum--;
                cout<<"删除成功。"<<endl;
                cout<<"输入1继续删除书籍，输入2退出";
                cin>>Instruct;
            }
            else
            {   cout<<"此书籍已被借出，删除失败"<<endl;
                cout<<"输入1继续删除书籍，输入2退出";
                cin>>Instruct;
            }
        }
        else
        {   cout<<"删除失败，未找到编号为"<<bookNum<<"的书籍。"<<endl;
            cout<<"输入1继续删除书籍，输入2退出";
            cin>>Instruct;
        }
    }while(Instruct==1);
    system("pause");
    system("cls");
}
void Library::borrowBook()
{   int bookNum,index;
    cout<<"******借阅界面***************\n\n";
    cout<<"输入要借阅的书籍号：\n";
    cin>>bookNum;
    index=searchNum(bookNum);
    if(index==-1)
    {   cout<<"查无此书"<<endl;
        system("pause");
        system("cls");
    }
    else
    {   if(books[index]. getBorrow_flag())
        {   cout<<"借阅失败，书籍已被借出\n";
            system("pause");
            system("cls");
        }
        else
        {   string reader, data;
            string lcn;
            cout << "输入读者姓名，借书证号，借书日期：\n";
            cin >> reader >> lcn >> data;
            if(readers[reader]!=3) 
            {   cout<<"要借的书籍信息\n";
                books[index].bookshow();
                books[index].setReader(reader,lcn,data);
                cout<<"借阅完成";
                currentNum--;
                borrowNum++;
                readers[reader]++;
                system("pause");
                system("cls");
            }
            else
            {   cout<<"借书失败！该读者已借超过三本书籍！\n";
                system("pause");
                system("cls");
            }
        }
    }

}
void Library::returnBook()
{   int bookNum,index;
    cout << "*********还书界面************\n\n";
    cout<<"请输入还书编号：\n";
    cin>>bookNum;
    index=searchNum(bookNum);
    if(index!=-1)
    {   if(books[index].getBorrow_flag())
        {   cout<<"要还的图书信息为：\n";
            books[index].bookshow();
            books[index].setBorrow_flag(false);
            currentNum++;
            borrowNum--;
            readers[books[index].getReader()]--;
            cout<<"还书成功！\n";
            system("pause");
            system("cls");
        }
        else
        {   cout<<"书籍未被借出"<<endl;
            system("pause");
            system("cls");
        }
    }
    else
    {   cout<<"还书失败！请检查书籍编号是否输入错误！\n";
        system("pause");
        system("cls");
    }
}
void Library::checkBook()
{   cout<<"*****检索界面***********\n\n";
    cout<<"请输入书籍名：\n"<<endl;
    string word;
    int flag=0;
    int index=0;
    int i;
    int z=books.size();
    cin>>word;
    for(i=0;i<z;i++)
    {   if(word==books[i].getbookName())
        {   flag=1;
            index=i;
            break;
        }
    };
    if(flag)
    {   books[index].bookshow();
        system("pause");
        system("cls");
    }
    else
    {   cout<<"检索失败！"<<endl;
        system("pause");
        system("cls");
    }
}
void Library::getReader()
{   int bookNum ,index;
    cout << "  *****查询界面********\n\n";
    cout << "输入要查找的书籍编号：";
    cin >> bookNum;
    index = searchNum(bookNum);
    if (index != -1)
    {   if (books[index].getBorrow_flag())
        {   books[index].bookshow();   
            cout << "读者为：" << books[index].getReader() << endl;
        }
        else
        {
            books[index].bookshow();
            cout << "无读者。" << endl;
        }
        system("pause");
        system("cls");
    }
    else
    {   cout << "查询失败，请检查书籍编号是否输入错误！\n";
        system("pause");
        system("cls");
    }
}
Library L;
void option()
{   int x;
    while (1)
    {   cout << "__ 图书馆管理系统_______\n";
        cout << "┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓                    \n";
        cout << "┃ [0]退出系统。            ┃                    \n";
        cout << "┃ [1]增加图书。            ┃                    \n";
        cout << "┃ [2]删除图书。            ┃                    \n";
        cout << "┃ [3]借阅图书。            ┃                    \n";
        cout << "┃ [4]归还图书。            ┃                    \n";
        cout << "┃ [5]显示图书信息。        ┃                    \n";
        cout << "┃ [6]查询图书。            ┃                    \n";
        cout << "┃ [7]检索图书。            ┃                    \n";
        cout << "┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛                    \n";
        cout << "输入要进行的操作：";
        cout << "输入要进行的操作：";
        cin >> x;
        switch (x) {
        case 1:
            system("cls");
            L.addBook();
            L.Save();
            break;
        case 2:system("cls");
            L.deleteBook();
            L.Save();
            break;
        case 3:system("cls");
            L.borrowBook();
            L.Save();
            break;
        case 4:system("cls");
            L.returnBook();
            L.Save();
            break;
        case 5:system("cls");
            L.sortBook();
            L.showInfo();
            break;
        case 6:system("cls");
            L.getReader();
            break;
        case 7:system("cls");
            L.checkBook();
            break;
        case 0:
            exit(1);
            break;
        default:
            cout << "输入错误！" << endl;
            system("pause");
            system("cls");
        }
    }
}
int main()
{
    option();
    L.Save();
    return 0;

}

笔记：

我遇到的问题有：一、一个简单但容易忽视的问题---编程时的逻辑问题。就比如借阅界面。在输入书籍编号之后，要分书籍编号是否正确的情况，要分是否书籍借出的情况，又要分读者是超额借出的情况；要站在使用者的角度编写，逻辑一定要清晰。先画流程图帮我解决了这个问题。二、类的三部曲之函数调用的问题。一开始没有成功调用，后来反复查看发现是定义形参的时候出错了。三、文件的读写。读文件时数据错位，原来是文件写操作时写错了。一开始是fout<<books[i].bookName<<books[i].bookAuthor。无空格两个变量会合一，就变成一个变量了，后来修改fout<<books[i].bookName<<" "<<books[i].bookAuthor才正确存入。四、int类型数据。在调试时，如果一个int数据（如书籍编号book num）被输入字母，程序输出窗口就会死机。为了减少这种bug，基本上把所有本来的int型变量改成了sring变量，string变量包容性高。

重点是我熟悉了流文件的操作。一开始甚至忘了这个部分。后来发现文件可以让程序对图书读者信息加工处理，大大提高提高上机效率。其次我明白了修改一个已经写好的程序是很难的。我之前忘记设置借阅日期int型变量，要去book类添加，不仅如此，addBook()，deleteBook()，returnBook()等等和此变量有关的函数全部要修改，可见变量和函数之间相互关联。最后锻炼了耐心。当我们第一次写好时，30多个bug，这个时候就需要极大的耐心。不要被数量打倒，因为很多error都可能是同一个错误造成的。