springcloud.5.创建服务消费者Ribbon

在微服务架构里，业务会被拆分成一个个的独立的服务，服务与服务之间通讯都是采用HTTP RestFul的。spring cloud有两种服务调用方式，一种使Ribbon+restTemplate，另一种使feign。这里先记录一下Ribbon

惯例，先创建一个springboot服务，pom文件如下：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <artifactId>hello-spring-cloud-web-admin-ribbon</artifactId>
    <packaging>jar</packaging>

    <name>hello-spring-cloud-web-admin-ribbon</name>
    <description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>

    <parent>
        <groupId>com.yuu</groupId>
        <artifactId>hello-spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
        <version>1.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
        <relativePath>../hello-spring-cloud-dependencies/pom.xml</relativePath>
    </parent>

    <properties>
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
        <java.version>1.8</java.version>
    </properties>

    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-ribbon</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-server</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-tomcat</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-thymeleaf</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-hystrix</artifactId>
            <version>2.0.2.RELEASE</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
        <!--解决thymeleaf模板引擎一定要严格执行的h5校验问题-->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>net.sourceforge.nekohtml</groupId>
            <artifactId>nekohtml</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-zipkin</artifactId>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

    <dependencyManagement>
        <dependencies>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>Finchley.SR2</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
        </dependencies>
    </dependencyManagement>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>

</project>

这里重点使用依赖

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-ribbon</artifactId>
</dependency>

yml配置:

spring:
  application:
    name: hello-spring-cloud-web-admin-ribbon
  thymeleaf:
    cache: false
    mode: LEGACYHTML5
    encodeing: UTF-8
    servlet:
      content-type: text/html
server:
  port: 8764
eureka:
  client:
    serviceUrl:
      defaultZone: http://localhost:8761/eureka/

这里关于thymeleaf的配置，用到thymeleaf了就配置，没用到不配置也可，对服务核心内容没什么影响

启动类:

package com.yuu.hello.spring.cloud.web.admin.ribbon;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.discovery.EnableDiscoveryClient;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.hystrix.EnableHystrix;

@EnableDiscoveryClient
@SpringBootApplication
public class WebAdminRibbonApplication {

    public static void main(String[] args){
        SpringApplication.run(WebAdminRibbonApplication.class,args);
    }
}

@EnableDiscoveryClient注解与@EnableEurekaClient功能使一样的，@EnableEurekaClient功能相对单一些，只适用于eureka的注册中心

调用服务，首先创建一个配置类，用以返回一个RestTemplate类的bean，RestTemplate类是用于调用服务的类，它的优点是简化了http的通信方式，统一了restful请求的标准

package com.yuu.hello.spring.cloud.web.admin.ribbon.config;

import org.springframework.cloud.client.loadbalancer.LoadBalanced;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;

@Configuration
public class RestTemplateConfiguration {

    @Bean
    @LoadBalanced
    public RestTemplate restTemplate(){
        return new RestTemplate();
    }
}

@LoadBalanced的作用是负载均衡，当被调用的服务是以集群形式存在的时候，RestTemplate会以负载均衡的方式调用服务

service类

package com.yuu.hello.spring.cloud.web.admin.ribbon.service;

import com.netflix.hystrix.contrib.javanica.annotation.HystrixCommand;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;

@Service
public class AdminService {

    @Autowired
    RestTemplate restTemplate;

    public String sayHi(String message){
        return restTemplate.getForObject("http://hello-spring-cloud-service-admin/hi?message="+message,String.class);
    }
}

RestTemplate 在调用服务请求的时候，会以目标服务名称的方式请求服务，这样节省了维护服务地址的成本

controller类

package com.yuu.hello.spring.cloud.web.admin.ribbon.controller;

import com.yuu.hello.spring.cloud.web.admin.ribbon.service.AdminService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

@RestController
public class AdminController {
    @Autowired
    private AdminService adminService;

    @GetMapping("hi")
    public String sayHi(String message){
        return adminService.sayHi(message);
    }
}

由于网络原因或服务自身原因，服务并不能保证100%可用，如果单个服务出现故障，调用这个服务的线程就会被阻塞，此时涌入大量的请求，会迅速消耗servlet线程资源，导致服务瘫痪，因为服务间相互依赖，故障会在服务间相互传播，会对整个微服务系统造成灾难性的严重后果，这就是服务故障的雪崩效应。
为防止雪崩效应，需要引入熔断器
springcloud引入了Netflix出品的hystrix

ribbon中增加熔断器步骤如下：
在pom文件中增加依赖

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-hystrix</artifactId>
    <version>2.0.2.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>

在启动类上增加@EnableHystrix用以开启熔断器

@EnableDiscoveryClient
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableHystrix
public class WebAdminRibbonApplication {

    public static void main(String[] args){
        SpringApplication.run(WebAdminRibbonApplication.class,args);
    }
}

在service类调用服务请求的方法上增加注解@HystrixCommand，参数含义是调用失败时回调的方法名称

@HystrixCommand(fallbackMethod = "hiError")
public String sayHi(String message){
    return restTemplate.getForObject("http://hello-spring-cloud-service-admin/hi?message="+message,String.class);
}

回调方法

public String hiError(String message){
    return String.format("Request is bad, your message is : %s",message);
}