chromium Callback 部分翻译

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Introduction
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// The templated Callback class is a generalized function object. Together
// with the Bind() function in bind.h, they provide a type-safe method for
// performing partial application of functions.
// 这个Callback模板类是一个普通的函数对象(注意不是函数定义是对象/实例),一般与Bind函数一起使用,
// 他们为局部函数或局部类成员函数提供一种类型安全的访问机制。
// Partial application (or "currying") is the process of binding a subset of
// a function's arguments to produce another function that takes fewer
// arguments. This can be used to pass around a unit of delayed execution,
// much like lexical closures are used in other languages. For example, it
// is used in Chromium code to schedule tasks on different MessageLoops.
// 局部化应用是这样的一个处理过程:绑定一个函数的参数的子集,生成一个需要更少参数的函数供人使用
// 可以用于传递一个延迟执行的单元,类似于其他语言中的闭包的功能。
// pointer A;
// function funA(A a){ a->dosomething();}
// function funACallback(){a->dosomething();} //其他应用程序不知道有a这个实例,只需要直接调用funACallback()
//
// A callback with no unbound input parameters (base::Callback<void(void)>)
// is called a base::Closure. Note that this is NOT the same as what other
// languages refer to as a closure -- it does not retain a reference to its
// enclosing environment.
// 没有任何参数和返回值的Callback实例,叫做base::Closure(上面举的例子funACallback()就是)
//  base::Callback<void(void)> 等于 base::Closure
//
// MEMORY MANAGEMENT AND PASSING
//
// The Callback objects themselves should be passed by const-reference, and
// stored by copy. They internally store their state via a refcounted class
// and thus do not need to be deleted.
// 
// The reason to pass via a const-reference is to avoid unnecessary
// AddRef/Release pairs to the internal state.
// Callback实例都是值引用的,这样可以减少使用引用计数的麻烦
//
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Quick reference for basic stuff
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// BINDING A BARE FUNCTION 绑定一个普通的函数
//
//   int Return5() { return 5; }
//   base::Callback<int(void)> func_cb = base::Bind(&Return5);
//   LOG(INFO) << func_cb.Run();  // Prints 5.
//
// BINDING A CLASS METHOD 绑定一个类的成员函数
//
//   The first argument to bind is the member function to call, the second is
//   the object on which to call it.
//
//   class Ref : public base::RefCountedThreadSafe<Ref> {
//    public:
//     int Foo() { return 3; }
//     void PrintBye() { LOG(INFO) << "bye."; }
//   };
//   scoped_refptr<Ref> ref = new Ref();
//   base::Callback<void(void)> ref_cb = base::Bind(&Ref::Foo, ref);
//   LOG(INFO) << ref_cb.Run();  // Prints out 3.
//
//   By default the object must support RefCounted or you will get a compiler
//   error. If you're passing between threads, be sure it's
//   RefCountedThreadSafe! See "Advanced binding of member functions" below if
//   you don't want to use reference counting.
//   被绑定的类实例必须支持RefCounted,否则将会编译不通过,
//   如果要跨线程使用,则必须继承RefCountedThreadSafe
// 
// RUNNING A CALLBACK
//
//   Callbacks can be run with their "Run" method, which has the same
//   signature as the template argument to the callback.
//   要运行Callback可以直接调用它们的Run方法,如果有参数当然要传递参数给它,
//   参数跟模板参数一致,后面还会有这方面的说明
//
//   void DoSomething(const base::Callback<void(int, std::string)>& callback) {
//     callback.Run(5, "hello");
//   }
//
//   Callbacks can be run more than once (they don't get deleted or marked when
//   run). However, this precludes using base::Passed (see below).
//   除了使用了base::Passed的Callback之外,其他情况一般来说一个Callback可以运行多次
//
//   void DoSomething(const base::Callback<double(double)>& callback) {
//     double myresult = callback.Run(3.14159);
//     myresult += callback.Run(2.71828);
//   }
//
// PASSING UNBOUND INPUT PARAMETERS 传入参数
//
//   Unbound parameters are specified at the time a callback is Run(). They are
//   specified in the Callback template type:
//
//   void MyFunc(int i, const std::string& str) {}
//   base::Callback<void(int, const std::string&)> cb = base::Bind(&MyFunc);
//   cb.Run(23, "hello, world");
//
// PASSING BOUND INPUT PARAMETERS 绑定全部参数
//   在绑定的时候设置了参数值的话,调用的时候就不用再传了
//
//   Bound parameters are specified when you create thee callback as arguments
//   to Bind(). They will be passed to the function and the Run()ner of the
//   callback doesn't see those values or even know that the function it's
//   calling.
//
//   void MyFunc(int i, const std::string& str) {}
//   base::Callback<void(void)> cb = base::Bind(&MyFunc, 23, "hello world");
//   cb.Run();
//
//   A callback with no unbound input parameters (base::Callback<void(void)>)
//   is called a base::Closure. So we could have also written:
//
//   base::Closure cb = base::Bind(&MyFunc, 23, "hello world");
//
//   When calling member functions, bound parameters just go after the object
//   pointer.如果是成员函数,当前实例的指针一定要绑定,而且是在第二个参数
//
//   base::Closure cb = base::Bind(&MyClass::MyFunc, this, 23, "hello world");
//
// PARTIAL BINDING OF PARAMETERS 绑定部分参数
//
//   You can specify some parameters when you create the callback, and specify
//   the rest when you execute the callback.
//
//   void MyFunc(int i, const std::string& str) {}
//   base::Callback<void(const std::string&)> cb = base::Bind(&MyFunc, 23);
//   cb.Run("hello world");
//
//   When calling a function bound parameters are first, followed by unbound
//   parameters.
//
//
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Quick reference for advanced binding
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// BINDING A CLASS METHOD WITH WEAK POINTERS
// 所谓弱指针,是指这些指针所指向的对象可以已经不存在,已经被销毁
// 不过要注意,弱指针不是线程安全的,所以不要再多线程场景下使用
//
//   base::Bind(&MyClass::Foo, GetWeakPtr());
//
//   The callback will not be issued if the object is destroyed at the time
//   it's issued. DANGER: weak pointers are not threadsafe, so don't use this
//   when passing between threads!
//
// BINDING A CLASS METHOD WITH MANUAL LIFETIME MANAGEMENT 
// 绑定自己管理声明周期的对象,你要保证在执行这个callback的时候,这个对象还存在
//
//   base::Bind(&MyClass::Foo, base::Unretained(this));
//
//   This disables all lifetime management on the object. You're responsible
//   for making sure the object is alive at the time of the call. You break it,
//   you own it!
//
// BINDING A CLASS METHOD AND HAVING THE CALLBACK OWN THE CLASS
// 让绑定的对象跟着Callback对象一起死(销毁~~~),Callback执行之后就无用的对象最适合了
//
//   MyClass* myclass = new MyClass;
//   base::Bind(&MyClass::Foo, base::Owned(myclass));
//
//   The object will be deleted when the callback is destroyed, even if it's
//   not run (like if you post a task during shutdown). Potentially useful for
//   "fire and forget" cases.
//
// IGNORING RETURN VALUES 如果不关心返回值的话,可以这样绑定
//
//   Sometimes you want to call a function that returns a value in a callback
//   that doesn't expect a return value.
//
//   int DoSomething(int arg) { cout << arg << endl; }
//   base::Callback<void<int>) cb =
//       base::Bind(base::IgnoreResult(&DoSomething));
//
//
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Quick reference for binding parameters to Bind()
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// Bound parameters are specified as arguments to Bind() and are passed to the
// function. A callback with no parameters or no unbound parameters is called a
// Closure (base::Callback<void(void)> and base::Closure are the same thing).
//
// PASSING PARAMETERS OWNED BY THE CALLBACK
// 
//
//   void Foo(int* arg) { cout << *arg << endl; }
//   int* pn = new int(1);
//   base::Closure foo_callback = base::Bind(&foo, base::Owned(pn));
//
//   The parameter will be deleted when the callback is destroyed, even if it's
//   not run (like if you post a task during shutdown).
//
// PASSING PARAMETERS AS A scoped_ptr
// 如果想只能运行一次,用scoped_ptr就最适合了,运行后自动设置指针为null,
// 没有运行的话Callback销毁时跟着销毁scoped_ptr
//
//   void TakesOwnership(scoped_ptr<Foo> arg) {}
//   scoped_ptr<Foo> f(new Foo);
//   // f becomes null during the following call.
//   base::Closure cb = base::Bind(&TakesOwnership, base::Passed(&f));
//
//   Ownership of the parameter will be with the callback until the it is run,
//   when ownership is passed to the callback function. This means the callback
//   can only be run once. If the callback is never run, it will delete the
//   object when it's destroyed.
//
// PASSING PARAMETERS AS A scoped_refptr
//
//   void TakesOneRef(scoped_refptr<Foo> arg) {}
//   scoped_refptr<Foo> f(new Foo)
//   base::Closure cb = base::Bind(&TakesOneRef, f);
//
//   This should "just work." The closure will take a reference as long as it
//   is alive, and another reference will be taken for the called function.
//
// PASSING PARAMETERS BY REFERENCE
//
//   void foo(int arg) { cout << arg << endl }
//   int n = 1;
//   base::Closure has_ref = base::Bind(&foo, base::ConstRef(n));
//   n = 2;
//   has_ref.Run();  // Prints "2"
//
//   Normally parameters are copied in the closure. DANGER: ConstRef stores a
//   const reference instead, referencing the original parameter. This means
//   that you must ensure the object outlives the callback!
//
//
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Implementation notes
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// WHERE IS THIS DESIGN FROM:
//
// The design Callback and Bind is heavily influenced by C++'s
// tr1::function/tr1::bind, and by the "Google Callback" system used inside
// Google.
//
//
// HOW THE IMPLEMENTATION WORKS:
//
// There are three main components to the system:
//   1) The Callback classes.
//   2) The Bind() functions.
//   3) The arguments wrappers (e.g., Unretained() and ConstRef()).
//
// The Callback classes represent a generic function pointer. Internally,
// it stores a refcounted piece of state that represents the target function
// and all its bound parameters.  Each Callback specialization has a templated
// constructor that takes an BindState<>*.  In the context of the constructor,
// the static type of this BindState<> pointer uniquely identifies the
// function it is representing, all its bound parameters, and a Run() method
// that is capable of invoking the target.
//
// Callback's constructor takes the BindState<>* that has the full static type
// and erases the target function type as well as the types of the bound
// parameters.  It does this by storing a pointer to the specific Run()
// function, and upcasting the state of BindState<>* to a
// BindStateBase*. This is safe as long as this BindStateBase pointer
// is only used with the stored Run() pointer.
//
// To BindState<> objects are created inside the Bind() functions.
// These functions, along with a set of internal templates, are responsible for
//
//  - Unwrapping the function signature into return type, and parameters
//  - Determining the number of parameters that are bound
//  - Creating the BindState storing the bound parameters
//  - Performing compile-time asserts to avoid error-prone behavior
//  - Returning an Callback<> with an arity matching the number of unbound
//    parameters and that knows the correct refcounting semantics for the
//    target object if we are binding a method.
//
// The Bind functions do the above using type-inference, and template
// specializations.
//
// By default Bind() will store copies of all bound parameters, and attempt
// to refcount a target object if the function being bound is a class method.
// These copies are created even if the function takes parameters as const
// references. (Binding to non-const references is forbidden, see bind.h.)
//
// To change this behavior, we introduce a set of argument wrappers
// (e.g., Unretained(), and ConstRef()).  These are simple container templates
// that are passed by value, and wrap a pointer to argument.  See the
// file-level comment in base/bind_helpers.h for more info.
//
// These types are passed to the Unwrap() functions, and the MaybeRefcount()
// functions respectively to modify the behavior of Bind().  The Unwrap()
// and MaybeRefcount() functions change behavior by doing partial
// specialization based on whether or not a parameter is a wrapper type.
//
// ConstRef() is similar to tr1::cref.  Unretained() is specific to Chromium.
//
//
// WHY NOT TR1 FUNCTION/BIND?
//
// Direct use of tr1::function and tr1::bind was considered, but ultimately
// rejected because of the number of copy constructors invocations involved
// in the binding of arguments during construction, and the forwarding of
// arguments during invocation.  These copies will no longer be an issue in
// C++0x because C++0x will support rvalue reference allowing for the compiler
// to avoid these copies.  However, waiting for C++0x is not an option.
//
// Measured with valgrind on gcc version 4.4.3 (Ubuntu 4.4.3-4ubuntu5), the
// tr1::bind call itself will invoke a non-trivial copy constructor three times
// for each bound parameter.  Also, each when passing a tr1::function, each
// bound argument will be copied again.
//
// In addition to the copies taken at binding and invocation, copying a
// tr1::function causes a copy to be made of all the bound parameters and
// state.
//
// Furthermore, in Chromium, it is desirable for the Callback to take a
// reference on a target object when representing a class method call.  This
// is not supported by tr1.
//
// Lastly, tr1::function and tr1::bind has a more general and flexible API.
// This includes things like argument reordering by use of
// tr1::bind::placeholder, support for non-const reference parameters, and some
// limited amount of subtyping of the tr1::function object (e.g.,
// tr1::function<int(int)> is convertible to tr1::function<void(int)>).
//
// These are not features that are required in Chromium. Some of them, such as
// allowing for reference parameters, and subtyping of functions, may actually
// become a source of errors. Removing support for these features actually
// allows for a simpler implementation, and a terser Currying API.
//
//
// WHY NOT GOOGLE CALLBACKS?
//
// The Google callback system also does not support refcounting.  Furthermore,
// its implementation has a number of strange edge cases with respect to type
// conversion of its arguments.  In particular, the argument's constness must
// at times match exactly the function signature, or the type-inference might
// break.  Given the above, writing a custom solution was easier.
//
//
// MISSING FUNCTIONALITY
//  - Invoking the return of Bind.  Bind(&foo).Run() does not work;
//  - Binding arrays to functions that take a non-const pointer.
//    Example:
//      void Foo(const char* ptr);
//      void Bar(char* ptr);
//      Bind(&Foo, "test");
//      Bind(&Bar, "test");  // This fails because ptr is not const.