写在前面：作为一只小白，感谢小甲鱼老师提供这么好的入门课程。因此在这里做个笔记，如有侵权请联系删除
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①虚继承概念
前一节（https://blog.csdn.net/caofengtao1314/article/details/111861707）的student示例程序看起来似乎已经解决了问题，但它存在着一些隐患.
首先，在TeachingStudent类的introduce()方法里，我们不得不明确地告诉编译器应该使用哪一个属性。
这对于classes属性来说是应该的，因为教一门课和上一门课有着本质的区别，而作为常识，助教生教的课程和他学的课程不可能一样!
②思考
但是我们再深入考虑下，既然在TeachingStudent对象里可以继承两个不同的classes属性，那它是不是应该有两个不同的name属性呢？
答案：是！事实上，TeachingStudent还真可以有两个不同的名字，这肯定不是我们在设计这个类继承模型时所预期的
③代码验证
3.1前一节代码https://blog.csdn.net/caofengtao1314/article/details/111861707 运行结果
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
class Person
{
public:
Person(std::string theName);
void introduce();
protected:
std::string name;
};
class Teacher : public Person
{
public:
Teacher(std::string theName,std::string theClass);
void teach();
void introduce();
protected:
std::string classes;
};
class Student : public Person
{
public:
Student(std::string theName,std::string theClass);
void attendClass();
void introduce();
protected:
std::string classes;
};
class TeachingStudent : public Student,public Teacher
{
public:
TeachingStudent(std::string theName,std::string ClassTeaching,std::string ClassAttending);
void introduce();
};
Person::Person(std :: string theName)
{
name = theName;
}
void Person::introduce()
{
std::cout<<"hello everyone my name is "<< name << "\n";
}
Teacher::Teacher(std::string theName,std::string theClass) : Person(theName)
{
classes = theClass;
}
void Teacher::teach()
{
std::cout<< name << " teach " << classes <<"\n";
}
void Teacher::introduce()
{
std::cout<<"hello everyone my name is "<< name << "teach" << classes << "\n";
}
Student::Student(std::string theName,std::string theClass) : Person(theName)
{
classes = theClass;
}
void Student::attendClass()
{
std::cout<< name << " attend " << classes <<"\n";
}
void Student::introduce()
{
std::cout<<"hello everyone my name is "<< name << " study " << classes << "\n";
}
TeachingStudent::TeachingStudent(std::string theName,std::string ClassTeaching,std::string ClassAttending):Teacher(theName,ClassTeaching),Student(theName,ClassAttending)
{
}
void TeachingStudent::introduce()
{
std::cout<< Student::name << " teach " << Teacher::classes <<"\n";
std::cout<<"at the same time I am study "<<Student:: classes << "\n";
}
int main()
{
Teacher teacher("tom "," c++first");
Student student("jery "," c++first");
TeachingStudent teachingstudent("tom1 "," c++first"," c++second");
teacher.introduce();
teacher.teach();
student.introduce();
student.attendClass();
teachingstudent.introduce();
teachingstudent.teach();
teachingstudent.attendClass();
return 0;
}运行结果
hello everyone my name is tom teach c++first
tom teach c++first
hello everyone my name is jery study c++first
jery attend c++first
tom1 teach c++first
at the same time I am study c++second
tom1 teach c++first
tom1 attend c++second1.2，验证思考的问题
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
class Person
{
public:
Person(std::string theName);
void introduce();
protected:
std::string name;
};
class Teacher : public Person
{
public:
Teacher(std::string theName,std::string theClass);
void teach();
void introduce();
protected:
std::string classes;
};
class Student : public Person
{
public:
Student(std::string theName,std::string theClass);
void attendClass();
void introduce();
protected:
std::string classes;
};
class TeachingStudent : public Student,public Teacher
{
public:
TeachingStudent(std::string theName1,std::string theName2,std::string ClassTeaching,std::string ClassAttending);
void introduce();
};
Person::Person(std :: string theName)
{
name = theName;
}
void Person::introduce()
{
std::cout<<"hello everyone my name is "<< name << "\n";
}
Teacher::Teacher(std::string theName,std::string theClass) : Person(theName)
{
classes = theClass;
}
void Teacher::teach()
{
std::cout<< name << "teach" << classes <<"\n";
}
void Teacher::introduce()
{
std::cout<<"hello everyone my name is "<< name << " teach " << classes << "\n";
}
Student::Student(std::string theName,std::string theClass) : Person(theName)
{
classes = theClass;
}
void Student::attendClass()
{
std::cout<< name << "attend " << classes <<"\n";
}
void Student::introduce()
{
std::cout<<"hello everyone my name is "<< name << " study " << classes << "\n";
}
TeachingStudent::TeachingStudent(std::string theName1,std::string theName2,std::string ClassTeaching,std::string ClassAttending):Teacher(theName1,ClassTeaching),Student(theName2,ClassAttending)
{
}
void TeachingStudent::introduce()
{
std::cout<< Student::name << " teach " << Teacher::classes <<"\n";
std::cout<<"at the same time I am study "<<Student:: classes << "\n";
}
int main()
{
Teacher teacher("tom "," c++first");
Student student("jery "," c++first");
TeachingStudent teachingstudent(" tom2"," tom1 "," c++first"," c++second");
teacher.introduce();
teacher.teach();
student.introduce();
student.attendClass();
teachingstudent.introduce();
teachingstudent.teach();
teachingstudent.attendClass();
return 0;
}运行结果，产生脑裂
hello everyone my name is tomteach c++first
tomteach c++first
hello everyone my name is jerystudy c++first
jeryattend c++first
tom1teach c++first
at the same time I am study c++second
tom2teach c++first
tom1attend c++second④虚继承的引出：
》》TeachingStudent类继承自Teacher和Student两个类，因而继承了两组Person类的属性，这在某些时候完全有道理，例如classes属性。但它也有可能引起麻烦，例如发生在name属性身上的情况。
》》C++发明者也想到了这部分的冲突，因此为此提供了一个功能可以解决这个问题：虚继承（virtual inheritance）
》》通过虚继承某个基类，就是在告诉编译器：从当前这个类再派生出来的子类只能拥有那个基类的一个实例。
虚继承的语法：
class Teacher：virtual public Person
{....}
》》这样做我们的问题就解决了：让Student和Teacher类都虚继承自Person类，编译器将确保从Student和Teacher类再派生出来的子类只能拥有一份Person类的属性。
⑤修改的例子 仅仅class Teacher：virtual public Person 和class Student：virtual public Person，
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
class Person
{
public:
Person(std::string theName);
void introduce();
protected:
std::string name;
};
class Teacher : virtual public Person
{
public:
Teacher(std::string theName,std::string theClass);
void teach();
void introduce();
protected:
std::string classes;
};
class Student : virtual public Person
{
public:
Student(std::string theName,std::string theClass);
void attendClass();
void introduce();
protected:
std::string classes;
};
class TeachingStudent : public Student,public Teacher
{
public:
TeachingStudent(std::string theName1,std::string theName2,std::string ClassTeaching,std::string ClassAttending);
void introduce();
};
Person::Person(std :: string theName)
{
name = theName;
}
void Person::introduce()
{
std::cout<<"hello everyone my name is "<< name << "\n";
}
Teacher::Teacher(std::string theName,std::string theClass) : Person(theName)
{
classes = theClass;
}
void Teacher::teach()
{
std::cout<< name << "teach" << classes <<"\n";
}
void Teacher::introduce()
{
std::cout<<"hello everyone my name is "<< name << " teach " << classes << "\n";
}
Student::Student(std::string theName,std::string theClass) : Person(theName)
{
classes = theClass;
}
void Student::attendClass()
{
std::cout<< name << "attend " << classes <<"\n";
}
void Student::introduce()
{
std::cout<<"hello everyone my name is "<< name << " study " << classes << "\n";
}
TeachingStudent::TeachingStudent(std::string theName1,std::string theName2,std::string ClassTeaching,std::string ClassAttending):Teacher(theName1,ClassTeaching),Student(theName2,ClassAttending)
{
}
void TeachingStudent::introduce()
{
std::cout<< Student::name << " teach " << Teacher::classes <<"\n";
std::cout<<"at the same time I am study "<<Student:: classes << "\n";
}
int main()
{
Teacher teacher("tom "," c++first");
Student student("jery "," c++first");
TeachingStudent teachingstudent(" tom2"," tom1 "," c++first"," c++second");
teacher.introduce();
teacher.teach();
student.introduce();
student.attendClass();
teachingstudent.introduce();
teachingstudent.teach();
teachingstudent.attendClass();
return 0;
}编译报错如下
g++ Multi_Inheritance_virtual.cpp
Multi_Inheritance_virtual.cpp: In constructor ‘TeachingStudent::TeachingStudent(std::string, std::string, std::string, std::string)’:
Multi_Inheritance_virtual.cpp:87:193: error: no matching function for call to ‘Person::Person()’
87 | ingStudent(std::string theName1,std::string theName2,std::string ClassTeaching,std::string ClassAttending):Teacher(theName1,ClassTeaching),Student(theName2,ClassAttending)
| ^
Multi_Inheritance_virtual.cpp:47:1: note: candidate: ‘Person::Person(std::string)’
47 | Person::Person(std :: string theName)
| ^~~~~~
Multi_Inheritance_virtual.cpp:47:1: note: candidate expects 1 argument, 0 provided
Multi_Inheritance_virtual.cpp:4:7: note: candidate: ‘Person::Person(const Person&)’
4 | class Person
| ^~~~~~
Multi_Inheritance_virtual.cpp:4:7: note: candidate expects 1 argument, 0 provided
Multi_Inheritance_virtual.cpp:4:7: note: candidate: ‘Person::Person(Person&&)’
Multi_Inheritance_virtual.cpp:4:7: note: candidate expects 1 argument, 0 provided⑥虚继承正确的demo
TeachingStudent::TeachingStudent(std::string theName1,std::string theName2,std::string ClassTeaching,std::string ClassAttending):Teacher(theName1,ClassTeaching),Student(theName2,ClassAttending)
{
}
修改为
TeachingStudent::TeachingStudent(std::string theName,std::string ClassTeaching,std::string ClassAttending):Teacher(theName,ClassTeaching),Student(theName,ClassAttending),Person(theName)
{
}
这里有虚继承的重点解释，因为每一个TeachingStudent这个多继承的对象，只有一个Person类的属性，其实主要是因为Student和Person类的虚继承Person所以无法将Person的属性传给TeachingStudent，所以必须自己继承Person类。
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
class Person
{
public:
Person(std::string theName);
void introduce();
protected:
std::string name;
};
class Teacher : virtual public Person
{
public:
Teacher(std::string theName,std::string theClass);
void teach();
void introduce();
protected:
std::string classes;
};
class Student : virtual public Person
{
public:
Student(std::string theName,std::string theClass);
void attendClass();
void introduce();
protected:
std::string classes;
};
class TeachingStudent : public Student,public Teacher
{
public:
TeachingStudent(std::string theName,std::string ClassTeaching,std::string ClassAttending);
void introduce();
};
Person::Person(std :: string theName)
{
name = theName;
}
void Person::introduce()
{
std::cout<<"hello everyone my name is "<< name << "\n";
}
Teacher::Teacher(std::string theName,std::string theClass) : Person(theName)
{
classes = theClass;
}
void Teacher::teach()
{
std::cout<< name << "teach" << classes <<"\n";
}
void Teacher::introduce()
{
std::cout<<"hello everyone my name is "<< name << " teach " << classes << "\n";
}
Student::Student(std::string theName,std::string theClass) : Person(theName)
{
classes = theClass;
}
void Student::attendClass()
{
std::cout<< name << "attend " << classes <<"\n";
}
void Student::introduce()
{
std::cout<<"hello everyone my name is "<< name << " study " << classes << "\n";
}
TeachingStudent::TeachingStudent(std::string theName,std::string ClassTeaching,std::string ClassAttending):Teacher(theName,ClassTeaching),Student(theName,ClassAttending),Person(theName)
{
}
void TeachingStudent::introduce()
{
std::cout<< Student::name << " teach " << Teacher::classes <<"\n";
std::cout<<"at the same time I am study "<<Student:: classes << "\n";
}
int main()
{
Teacher teacher("tom "," c++first");
Student student("jery "," c++first");
TeachingStudent teachingstudent(" tom2"," c++first"," c++second");
teacher.introduce();
teacher.teach();
student.introduce();
student.attendClass();
teachingstudent.introduce();
teachingstudent.teach();
teachingstudent.attendClass();
return 0;
}运行结果：
hello everyone my name is tom teach c++first
tom teach c++first
hello everyone my name is jery study c++first
jery attend c++first
tom2 teach c++first
at the same time I am study c++second
tom2teach c++first
tom2attend c++second
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