outline of discrete mathematics and its applications(1.4-1.7)

1.4 predicates and quantifiers(谓词和量词)

• definition: predicates and quantifiers
• quantifiers and quantifications
  
  • the area of logic that deals with predicates and quantifiers is called the predicate calculus
  • domain of discourse or the universe of discourse(论域)
  • 任意 ∀ universal quantifier
  • what is counterexample? (反例)
  • 存在 ∃ existential quantifier
• quantifiers with restricted domains
• precedence of quantifiers
  
  • the quantifiers ∀ and ∃ have higher precedence than logical operators from propositional caculus.
• logical equivalences involving quantifiers
• negating quantified expressions
• translating from english into logical expressions
• examples from lewis carroll(好像有点重要的样子)

1.5 nested quantifiers(嵌套量词)

• example ∀x∃y(x+y=0)
• understanding statements involving nested quantifiers
• order of quantifiers(顺序是否能交换的问题)
• translating mathematical statements into statements involving nested quantifiers
• translating from nested quantifiers into english
• translating english sentences into logical expressions
• negating nested quantifiers(easy)

1.6 rules of inference(推理规则)

• rules of inference for propositional logic(规则太多名字太长不再列举)
• using rules of inference to build arguments(看例题是怎么写过程的)
• resolution
• fallacies(谬误)
• rules of inference for quantified statements(一般到特殊特殊到一般的转化，看例题)
• combining rules of inference for propositions and quantifed statements

1.7 introduction to proofs

• some terminology
  
  • theorem
  • propositions
  • axioms(postulates) 假设
  • corollary(推论)
  • conjecture(猜想)
• understanding how theorems are stated
• direct proofs
• proof by contraposition(证其逆反命题)
• proof by contradiction（反证法）