设计模式——责任链

一、 责任链概述

1.1 什么是责任链

责任链将用几个对象接收处理对象，这些对象是 链式 连接的。一个事件先传到第一个对象进行处理，若第一个对象无法处理完成，则第一个对象会将事件再传递到第二个对象，以此类推，若某个对象能够处理完事件，则事件是不一定会继续向后面的对象传递，这个后面再做讨论。

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1.2 责任链的应用场景

1. 当一个事件的处理有许多的if…else…时，可以将一个个判断处理封装成对象，再将事件发送给这些对象；
2. 多个对象处理同一个事件；
3. Android中事件分发机制；

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1.3 责任链类图

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二、 实例

2.1 场景描述

在教师批改大批量试卷时，不会一个教师批改整张试卷。为了更高的效率，每份试卷会经过几个老师批改，每个老师只负责批改那一道题。因此我们可以用责任链模拟这种情况，若一份试卷到第一个老师A这里，A发现她负责的第一道题还没批改，就会进行批改，然后把试卷给另外一位老师，以此类推。

• 事件
  试卷
• 事件接收处理者
  老师

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2.2 过程图示

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2.3 代码实例

老师会担任事件处理者的位置，老师以链式连接，试卷无论是否批改完成，都会顺着老师这条链传送下去。

• 试卷

public class TestPaper {

    //all subject
    public static final int SUBJECT_ONE = 1;
    public static final int SUBJECT_TWO = 2;
    public static final int SUBJECT_THREE = 3;
    public static final int SUBJECT_FOUR = 4;

    //the hole test paper has four subject,the list save the subject which has been modified
    private List<Integer> subjects = new ArrayList<>();

    public TestPaper(Integer ... subject){
        subjects.addAll(Arrays.asList(subject));
    }

    /**
     * whether the subject has been modified
     * @param subject
     * @return
     */
    public boolean contains(Integer subject) {
        boolean contains = false;
        for (Integer s : subjects) {
            if (subject.equals(s)){
                contains = true;
            }
        }
        return contains;
    }

    /**
     * add a  modified subject
     * @param subject
     */
    public void addSubject(Integer subject){
        subjects.add(subject);
    }
}

• 老师基类——处理事件的基类

public abstract class TeacherBase {

    private TestPaper mTestPaper;
    private int mSubject;
    private TeacherBase mNextTeacher;
    /**
     * @param subject   the subject which the teacher need to check
     */
    public TeacherBase(TestPaper testPaper, int subject){
        mTestPaper = testPaper;
        mSubject = subject;
    }

    /**
     * check the test paper,but don't have to modify it;
     */
    public void checkPaper(){
        if (!mTestPaper.contains(mSubject)) {
            handleRequest();
            mTestPaper.addSubject(mSubject);
        }
        //send the test paper to next teacher
        if (mNextTeacher != null) {
            mNextTeacher.checkPaper();
        }
    }

    public void setNextTecher(TeacherBase teacher){
        mNextTeacher = teacher;
    }

    /**
     * handle the message
     */
    public abstract void handleRequest();
}

• 负责不同题目的老师——事件接收类

public class TeacherA extends TeacherBase{
    /**
     * @param testPaper
     * @param subject   the subject which the teacher need to check
     */
    public TeacherA(TestPaper testPaper, int subject) {
        super(testPaper, subject);
    }

    @Override
    public void handleRequest() {
        System.out.println("我是A老师，我批改了题目1");
    }
}

public class TeacherB extends TeacherBase{
    /**
     * @param testPaper
     * @param subject   the subject which the teacher need to check
     */
    public TeacherB(TestPaper testPaper, int subject) {
        super(testPaper, subject);
    }

    @Override
    public void handleRequest() {
        System.out.println("我是B老师，我批改了题目2");
    }
}

public class TeacherC extends TeacherBase{
    /**
     * @param testPaper
     * @param subject   the subject which the teacher need to check
     */
    public TeacherC(TestPaper testPaper, int subject) {
        super(testPaper, subject);
    }

    @Override
    public void handleRequest() {
        System.out.println("我是C老师，我批改了题目3");
    }
}

public class TeacherD extends TeacherBase{
    /**
     * @param testPaper
     * @param subject   the subject which the teacher need to check
     */
    public TeacherD(TestPaper testPaper, int subject) {
        super(testPaper, subject);
    }

    @Override
    public void handleRequest() {
        System.out.println("我是D老师，我批改了题目4");
    }
}

• 执行

public static void main(String[] args){
    //provide a test paper which the second subject has been checked.
    TestPaper testPaper = new TestPaper(TestPaper.SUBJECT_TWO);
    //each teacher check different test paper.
    TeacherA teacherA = new TeacherA(testPaper,TestPaper.SUBJECT_ONE);
    TeacherB teacherB = new TeacherB(testPaper,TestPaper.SUBJECT_TWO);
    TeacherC teacherC = new TeacherC(testPaper,TestPaper.SUBJECT_THREE);
    TeacherD teacherD = new TeacherD(testPaper,TestPaper.SUBJECT_FOUR);

    teacherA.setNextTecher(teacherD);
    teacherD.setNextTecher(teacherB);
    teacherB.setNextTecher(teacherC);

    teacherA.checkPaper();

}

out:

我是A老师，我批改了题目1
我是D老师，我批改了题目4
我是C老师，我批改了题目3

由于我们执行时，发出的试卷的第二道题已经批改完成了，所以当试卷传递到B老师时，她不需要处理试卷，直接将试卷传递给下一个老师C。

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四、 责任链的分类

上面这个例子中，无论试卷（事件）是否批改完成，都会传递给下一个老师（事件接受者），因此每个老师都会接收到事件，只是做不做批改（处理）而已。这种每个事件接受者都会接收到事件的模式，不是纯责任链。

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4.1 纯责任链

纯责任链的模式中，当某个接受者处理了事件，则会将这个事件拦截下来，下一个事件接受者是不会接收到事件的。

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4.2 非纯责任链

非纯责任链中，当事件接收者处理了事件，还可以将事件传递给下一个事件接收者。

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文章参考自：
书籍：HeadFirst 设计模式；
责任链模式：http://www.runoob.com/design-pattern/chain-of-responsibility-pattern.html