[容斥原理] zoj 3556 How Many Sets I

题目链接：

http://acm.zju.edu.cn/onlinejudge/showProblem.do?problemId=4535

How Many Sets I

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Time Limit: 2 Seconds       Memory Limit: 65536 KB

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Give a set S, |S| = n, then how many ordered set group (S₁, S₂, ..., S_k) satisfies S₁ ∩ S₂ ∩ ... ∩ S_k = ∅. (S_i is a subset of S, (1 <= i <= k))

Input

The input contains multiple cases, each case have 2 integers in one line represent n and k(1 <= k <= n <= 2³¹-1), proceed to the end of the file.

Output

Output the total number mod 1000000007.

Sample Input

1 1
2 2

Sample Output

1
9

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Author:  QU, Zhe
Contest:  ZOJ Monthly, October 2011
Submit     Status

题目意思：

已知|S|=n，给定k,求S₁ ∩ S₂ ∩ ... ∩ S_k = ∅,其中Si是S的子集（i<=k)的种数。

n,k<=2^31-1

解题思路：

容斥原理

反向考虑，假设S₁ ∩ S₂ ∩ ... ∩ S_k 不等于 ∅，则至少存在一个元素S1，S2，...，Sk都包含。

枚举都包含的元素.总的种数为(2^n)^k=2^(nk)

如果至少都包含一个元素，则种数为C(n,1)*(2^(n-1))^k=C(n,1)*2^((n-1)k)

如果至少都包含两个元素，则种数为C(n,2)*(2^(n-2))^k=C(n,2)*2^((n-2)k)

如果至少都包含i个元素，则种数为C(n,i)*(2^(n-i))^k=C(n,i)*2^((n-i)k)

减去包含一个的加上包含两个的减去包含3个的，如此类推，可以得出一下公式：

2^(nk)+C(n,1)*2^((n-1)k)-C(n,2)*2^((n-2)k)+...(-1)^i*C(n,i)*2^((n-i)k)+.....=(2^k-1)^n  (通过二项式公式）

所以答案转化为求(2^k-1)^n了，直接快速幂即可。

代码：

//#include<CSpreadSheet.h>

#include<iostream>
#include<cmath>
#include<cstdio>
#include<sstream>
#include<cstdlib>
#include<string>
#include<string.h>
#include<cstring>
#include<algorithm>
#include<vector>
#include<map>
#include<set>
#include<stack>
#include<list>
#include<queue>
#include<ctime>
#include<bitset>
#include<cmath>
#define eps 1e-6
#define INF 0x3f3f3f3f
#define PI acos(-1.0)
#define ll __int64
#define LL long long
#define lson l,m,(rt<<1)
#define rson m+1,r,(rt<<1)|1
#define M 1000000007
//#pragma comment(linker, "/STACK:1024000000,1024000000")
using namespace std;

LL n,k;

LL quick(LL a,LL b)
{
    LL res=1;

    while(b)
    {
        if(b&1)
            res=(res*a)%M;
        b>>=1;
        a=a*a%M;
    }
    return res;
}

int main()
{
   //freopen("in.txt","r",stdin);
   //freopen("out.txt","w",stdout);
   while(~scanf("%lld%lld",&n,&k))
   {
       LL ans=(quick(2,k)-1+M)%M;

       ans=quick(ans,n);

       printf("%lld\n",ans);
   }
   return 0;
}