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Box2d是一个2D游戏物理引擎,由Erin Catto开发,于2007年发布。很多2D游戏都用过Box2d,其中最有名的自然是愤怒的小鸟。Box2d本身是C++编写,但在不同平台都有它的衍生版本,像Flash版的Box2dFlash,JS版的Box2dJS和Box2dWeb。最近偶然看到一篇使用Box2dFlash模拟箭矢飞行效果的文章:
http://www.emanueleferonato.com/2012/12/10/flying-arrows-simulation-with-box2d/
很有意思,想尝试使用下Box2d。
之前从没接触过Flash,选择JS版的Box2d,而Box2dJS已经很久没更新,所以使用Box2dWeb重写箭矢飞行效果。
网上有不少Box2d教程,不过介绍其应用的多些。对于Box2d基本概念和原理,推荐阿蕉的博客,他将Box2d C++的系列教程译成中文。虽然C++和JS不同,但是Box2d原理是相通的,可以参考。
http://blog.csdn.net/wen294299195/article/category/1227604
首先下载Box2dWeb
https://code.google.com/p/box2dweb/downloads/list
压缩包里只有四个文件,这里只需要Box2dWeb-2.1.a.3.min.js(也可以用Box2dWeb-2.1.a.3.js,方便了解Box2DWeb的各个函数)。
按照下面的目录结构创建各个文件即可:
|-js/
| |-Box2dWeb-2.1.a.3.min.js
| |-game.js
|-arrow.html
编辑arrow.html,引用javascript文件并创建一个canvas标签,代码如下:
- <!DOCTYPE HTML>
- <html>
- <head>
- <title>Box2DWeb Test</title>
- <scripttypescripttype="text/javascript"src="js/Box2dWeb-2.1.a.3.min.js"></script>
- <scripttypescripttype="text/javascript" src="js/game.js"></script>
- </head>
- <bodyonloadbodyonload="init();">
- <canvasidcanvasid="canvas" width="640" height="480"style="background-color:#333333;"></canvas>
- </body>
- </html>
接下来编辑game.js。从arrow.html中可以看到,页面载入后调用init方法模拟整个过程,添加下面的代码:
- function init() {
- // Commen code for usingBox2D object.
- var b2Vec2 =Box2D.Common.Math.b2Vec2;
- var b2AABB =Box2D.Collision.b2AABB;
- var b2BodyDef =Box2D.Dynamics.b2BodyDef;
- var b2Body =Box2D.Dynamics.b2Body;
- varb2FixtureDef = Box2D.Dynamics.b2FixtureDef;
- var b2Fixture =Box2D.Dynamics.b2Fixture;
- var b2World =Box2D.Dynamics.b2World;
- varb2PolygonShape = Box2D.Collision.Shapes.b2PolygonShape;
- var b2DebugDraw =Box2D.Dynamics.b2DebugDraw;
- /* 下文添加 */
- };
以上代码是为了方便使用Box2d中的对象。接着就是设置全局属性,像canvas的大小、Box2d的世界参数、鼠标消息响应方法等。
- // Get canvas fordrawing.
- var canvas =document.getElementById("canvas");
- var canvasPosition =getElementPosition(canvas);
- var context =canvas.getContext("2d");
- // World constants.
- var worldScale = 30;
- var dragConstant=0.05;
- var dampingConstant = 2;
- var world = newb2World(new b2Vec2(0, 10),true);
- document.addEventListener("mousedown",onMouseDown);
- debugDraw();
- window.setInterval(update,1000/60);
设置好Box2d的世界之后就可以放置各种模型。接下来的代码创建四面墙壁来封闭区域:
- // Create bottom wall
- createBox(640,30,320,480,b2Body.b2_staticBody,null);
- // Create top wall
- createBox(640,30,320,0,b2Body.b2_staticBody,null);
- // Create left wall
- createBox(30,480,0,240,b2Body.b2_staticBody,null);
- // Create right wall
- createBox(30,480,640,240,b2Body.b2_staticBody,null);
- functioncreateBox(width,height,pX,pY,type,data){
- var bodyDef = new b2BodyDef;
- bodyDef.type = type;
- bodyDef.position.Set(pX/worldScale,pY/worldScale);
- bodyDef.userData=data;
- var polygonShape = new b2PolygonShape;
- polygonShape.SetAsBox(width/2/worldScale,height/2/worldScale);
- var fixtureDef = new b2FixtureDef;
- fixtureDef.density = 1.0;
- fixtureDef.friction = 0.5;
- fixtureDef.restitution = 0.5;
- fixtureDef.shape = polygonShape;
- var body=world.CreateBody(bodyDef);
- body.CreateFixture(fixtureDef);
- }
希望点击鼠标时,从左下角向鼠标点击的位置发射一支箭。所以在鼠标点击消息的响应方法中调用createArrow方法,根据传入的坐标生成一支箭,并赋给它初速度,代码如下:
- function onMouseDown(e) {
- var evt = e||window.event;
- createArrow(e.clientX-canvasPosition.x,e.clientY-canvasPosition.y);
- }
- function createArrow(pX,pY) {
- // Set the left corner as the originalpoint.
- var angle = Math.atan2(pY-450, pX);
- // Define the shape of arrow.
- var vertices = [];
- vertices.push(new b2Vec2(-1.4,0));
- vertices.push(new b2Vec2(0,-0.1));
- vertices.push(new b2Vec2(0.6,0));
- vertices.push(newb2Vec2(0,0.1));
- var bodyDef = new b2BodyDef;
- bodyDef.type = b2Body.b2_dynamicBody;
- bodyDef.position.Set(40/worldScale,400/worldScale);
- bodyDef.userData = "Arrow";
- var polygonShape = new b2PolygonShape;
- polygonShape.SetAsVector(vertices,4);
- var fixtureDef = new b2FixtureDef;
- fixtureDef.density = 1.0;
- fixtureDef.friction = 0.5;
- fixtureDef.restitution = 0.5;
- fixtureDef.shape = polygonShape;
- var body = world.CreateBody(bodyDef);
- body.CreateFixture(fixtureDef);
- // Set original state of arrow.
- body.SetLinearVelocity(newb2Vec2(20*Math.cos(angle), 20*Math.sin(angle)));
- body.SetAngle(angle);
- body.SetAngularDamping(dampingConstant);
- }
接下来就是系统方法,绘制物体并定时更新:
- function debugDraw() {
- var debugDraw = new b2DebugDraw();
- debugDraw.SetSprite(document.getElementById("canvas").getContext("2d"));
- debugDraw.SetDrawScale(worldScale);
- debugDraw.SetFillAlpha(0.5);
- debugDraw.SetLineThickness(1.0);
- debugDraw.SetFlags(b2DebugDraw.e_shapeBit | b2DebugDraw.e_jointBit);
- world.SetDebugDraw(debugDraw);
- }
- function update() {
- world.Step(1/60,10,10);
- world.ClearForces();
- for(var b = world.m_bodyList; b != null; b = b.m_next){
- if(b.GetUserData() === "Arrow") {
- updateArrow(b);
- }
- }
- world.DrawDebugData();
- }
注意上面update方法中调用的updateArrow方法,它负责模拟箭矢在空中运动形态,让整个过程更加真实。
- functionupdateArrow(arrowBody) {
- // Calculate arrow's fligth speed.
- var flightSpeed =Normalize2(arrowBody.GetLinearVelocity());
- // Calculate arrow's pointingdirection.
- var bodyAngle = arrowBody.GetAngle();
- var pointingDirection = new b2Vec2(Math.cos(bodyAngle),-Math.sin(bodyAngle));
- // Calculate arrow's flightingdirection and normalize it.
- var flightAngle =Math.atan2(arrowBody.GetLinearVelocity().y,arrowBody.GetLinearVelocity().x);
- var flightDirection = newb2Vec2(Math.cos(flightAngle), Math.sin(flightAngle));
- // Calculate dot production.
- var dot = b2Dot( flightDirection,pointingDirection );
- var dragForceMagnitude = (1 -Math.abs(dot)) * flightSpeed * flightSpeed * dragConstant *arrowBody.GetMass();
- var arrowTailPosition =arrowBody.GetWorldPoint(new b2Vec2( -1.4, 0 ) );
- arrowBody.ApplyForce( newb2Vec2(dragForceMagnitude*-flightDirection.x,dragForceMagnitude*-flightDirection.y),arrowTailPosition );
- }
- function b2Dot(a, b) {
- return a.x * b.x + a.y * b.y;
- }
- function Normalize2(b) {
- return Math.sqrt(b.x * b.x + b.y *b.y);
- }
最后是getElementPosition方法,用于获得canvas的偏移坐标:
- //http://js-tut.aardon.de/js-tut/tutorial/position.html
- function getElementPosition(element) {
- var elem=element, tagname="",x=0, y=0;
- while((typeof(elem) =="object") && (typeof(elem.tagName) != "undefined")){
- y += elem.offsetTop;
- x += elem.offsetLeft;
- tagname = elem.tagName.toUpperCase();
- if(tagname == "BODY"){
- elem=0;
- }
- if(typeof(elem) =="object"){
- if(typeof(elem.offsetParent) =="object"){
- elem = elem.offsetParent;
- }
- }
- }
- return {x: x, y: y};
- }
程序的运行结果(Chrome 25.0.1323.1下测试)如下图所示: