把之前学的python入门也放上来，这样自己在外面看得见。
一、变量和简单数据类型
1.使用方法修改字符串的大小写：
motobike = 'kang '
print(motobike.upper())
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
KANG
输出的是字符串所有字母的大写
motobike = 'kang '
print(motobike.title())
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
Kang
输出的是字符串首字母的大写
motobike = 'KAng '
print(motobike.lower())
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
kang
输出的是字符串所有字母的小写
2.合并直接用 + 号
first_name = 'cool'
last_name = 'boy'
total_name = first_name + " " + last_name
print("Your name is : " + total_name.title() + " ! ")
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
Your name is : Cool Boy ！
3.换行？或者叫留空格?
\n是换行输出，\t是首行缩进几个空格。
print("Language:\n\tc++\n\tpython\n\tjava")
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
Language:
c++
python
java
\n换行 \t缩进空白
4.删除字符串的空白：
name_1 = ' dididi '
print(name_1.lstrip() + '!')
name_2 = ' didi '
print(name_2.strip() + '!')
name_3 = ' di '
print(name_3.rstrip() + '!')
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
dididi !
didi!
di!
\ rstrip()删除尾部空白，lstrip()删除前部空白，strip()删除字符串两端空白。
5.使用str（）避免类型错误：
age = 23
message = "Happy " + str(age) + "rd Birthday ! "
print(message)
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
Happy 23rd Birthday !
如若不使用str（），python可能将age默认为是一个字符串导致无法调用。
6.注释：
向大家问好
print(“Hello World !”)
二、列表简介(list[]):
1.列表及其元素：
bicycle = ['kangkang','michale','jane']
print(bicycle[0])
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
kangkang
注意在列表当中，索引是从0开始的。
2.修改、添加和删除元素：
bicycle = ['kangkang','michale','jane']
print(bicycle)
bicycle[0] = 'kang'
print(bicycle)
bicycle.append('momo')
print(bicycle)
bicycle.insert(1,'doudou')
print(bicycle)
del bicycle[1]
print(bicycle)
bicy = bicycle.pop()
print(bicycle)
print("弹出的元素是： " + bicy + " !")
bicycle.remove('kang')
print(bicycle)
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
['kangkang', 'michale', 'jane']
['kang', 'michale', 'jane']
['kang', 'michale', 'jane', 'momo']
['kang', 'doudou', 'michale', 'jane', 'momo']
['kang', 'michale', 'jane', 'momo']
['kang', 'michale', 'jane']
弹出的元素是： momo !
['michale', 'jane']
修改元素直接用索引进行修改其中的某一个元素。
添加元素的话append（）是将元素添加到列表的末尾当中；insert（）可以将元素插入到列表的任一位置。
使用del可删除任何位置处的列表元素，条件是知道其索引，但删除后无法再次访问它。而pop（）删除列表的元素后可以接着使用该元素，如（）内无指定索引，则自动删除末尾元素，也可以指定具体索引位置的元素。如果你不知道要从列表删除的元素的索引，但你知道该元素，你可以使用remove（）。
3.组织列表：
使用sort（）函数对列表进行永久性排序，且按照字母表的顺序对元素的首字母进行排序。若想按相反顺序排，则使用sort（reverse=True）。
bicycle = ['kangkang','zichale','jane','aa']
print(bicycle)
bicycle.sort()
print(bicycle)
bicycle.sort(reverse=True)
print(bicycle)
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
['kangkang', 'zichale', 'jane', 'aa']
['aa', 'jane', 'kangkang', 'zichale']
['zichale', 'kangkang', 'jane', 'aa']
可以使用sorted（）对列表进行临时排序：
bicycle = ['kangkang','zichale','jane','aa']
print("Here is the original list : ")
print(bicycle)
print("\nHere is the sorted list : ")
print(sorted(bicycle))
print("\nHere is the original list again : ")
print(bicycle)
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
Here is the original list :
['kangkang', 'zichale', 'jane', 'aa']
Here is the sorted list :
['aa', 'jane', 'kangkang', 'zichale']
Here is the original list again :
['kangkang', 'zichale', 'jane', 'aa']
倒着打印列表可以用reverse（）。
确定列表的长度用len（）
bicycle = ['kangkang','zichale','jane','aa']
print("Here is the original list : ")
print(bicycle)
bicycle.reverse()
print("\nHere is the reverse list : ")
print(bicycle)
print("\n列表的长度为： ")
print(len(bicycle))
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
Here is the original list :
['kangkang', 'zichale', 'jane', 'aa']
Here is the reverse list :
['aa', 'jane', 'zichale', 'kangkang']
列表的长度为：
4
三、操作列表
1.关于for循环：
magicians = ['alice','dujiang','songjiang']
for magician in magicians:
print(magician.title() + ", that was a great trick!")
print("I can't wait to see your next trick, " + magician.title() + ".\n")
print("Thank you, everyone. That was a great show!")
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
Alice, that was a great trick!
I can't wait to see your next trick, Alice.
Dujiang, that was a great trick!
I can't wait to see your next trick, Dujiang.
Songjiang, that was a great trick!
I can't wait to see your next trick, Songjiang.
Thank you, everyone. That was a great show!
2.range()函数可以生成一系列数字，若想要将这些数字转化为列表，可以使用list（range（））。
for value in range(1,4):
print(value)
numbers = list(range(1,5))
print(numbers)
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
1
2
3
[1, 2, 3, 4]
squares = []
for value in range(1,9):
squares.append(value**2)
print(squares)
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64]
3.切片的使用：
bicycles = ['22','33','dd','kk','mm']
print(bicycles[0:3])
print(bicycles[2:4])
print(bicycles[:2])
print(bicycles[1:])
for bicycle in bicycles[:3]:
print(bicycle)
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
['22', '33', 'dd']
['dd', 'kk']
['22', '33']
['33', 'dd', 'kk', 'mm']
22
33
dd
注意0：3指的是从索引0到2，不包括3.
其中可以复制列表简化下面的代码或者~。
bicycles = ['22','33','dd','kk','mm']
bicycless = bicycles[:]
bicycles.append('ff')
print(bicycles)
bicycless.append('ll')
print(bicycless)
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
['22', '33', 'dd', 'kk', 'mm', 'ff']
['22', '33', 'dd', 'kk', 'mm', 'll']
4.元组：
Python将不能修改的值称为不可变的，而不可变的列表被称为元组。元组用（）括起来。
虽然不能修改元组的元素，但可以给存储的变量赋值。
bicycles = ('22','33','dd','kk','mm')
print("original: ")
for bicycle in bicycles:
print(bicycle)
bicycles = ('44','jj')
print("latest: ")
for bicycle in bicycles:
print(bicycle)
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
original:
22
33
dd
kk
mm
latest:
44
jj
四、if语句：
1.简单的if语句，if语句的关键在于判断True或者是False。
cars = ['kangkang','mike','jane','momo']
for car in cars:
if car == 'momo':
print(car.upper())
elif car == 'jane':
print(car.title())
else:
print(car)
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
kangkang
mike
Jane
MOMO
2.在python中检查是否相等是区分大小写的，但你可以将其转化为同一小写进行比较。
使用 “！=”判断两个变量是否不相等。
用and连接检查多个条件，且每个条件都成立才可以为True。
用or连接检查多个条件，仅需一个条件成立便可以为True。
用（bicycle = ‘~’）if bicycle not in bicycles：判断元素是否在列表当中。
available_toppings = ['mushrooms','olives','green peppers'
'pepperoni','pineapple','extra cheese']
requested_toppings = ['mushroom','french fries','extra cheese']
for requested_topping in requested_toppings:
if requested_topping in available_toppings:
print("Adding " + requested_topping + '.')
else:
print("Sorry, we don't have " + requested_topping + ".")
print("\nFinished making your pizza!")
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
Sorry, we don't have mushroom.
Sorry, we don't have french fries.
Adding extra cheese.
Finished making your pizza!
五、字典（dict）：
1.字典是一系列键—值对，每个都与一个值相关联，与键相关联的值可以是数字、字符串、列表乃至字典。
alien_0 = {'color':'green', 'points':5}
new_points = alien_0['points']
print("You just earned " + str(new_points) + " points!")
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
You just earned 5 points!
添加键-值对：
alien_0 = {'color':'green', 'points':5}
print(alien_0)
alien_0['x_position'] = 0
alien_0['y_position'] = 5
print(alien_0)
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
{'color': 'green', 'points': 5}
{'color': 'green', 'points': 5, 'x_position': 0, 'y_position': 5}
使用字典来存储用户提供的数据或在编写能自动生成大量键-值对的代码时，通常都需要先定义一个空字典。
2.修改或删除字典中的值：
alien_0 = {'x_position': 0, 'y_position': 25, 'speed':'medium'}
print(alien_0)
del alien_0['y_position']
print(alien_0)
print("Original x_position: " + str(alien_0['x_position']))
#向右移动外星人
#据外星人当前速度决定将其移动多远
if alien_0['speed'] == 'slow':
x_increment = 1
elif alien_0['speed'] == 'medium':
x_increment = 2
else:
x_increment = 3
#新位置等于老位置加上增量
alien_0['x_position'] = alien_0['x_position'] + x_increment
print("New x_position: " + str(alien_0['x_position']))
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
{'x_position': 0, 'y_position': 25, 'speed': 'medium'}
{'x_position': 0, 'speed': 'medium'}
Original x_position: 0
New x_position: 2
3.遍历字典（方法items（）返回一个键-值对列表、方法keys（）遍历字典的每一个键、方法values（）遍历字典的每一个值）：
user_0 = {
'username' : 'efemi',
'first' : 'enrico',
'last' : 'femi'
}
for key,value in user_0.items():
print("\nKey: " + key)
print("Value: " + value)
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
Key: username
Value: efemi
Key: first
Value: enrico
Key: last
Value: femi
（简单的items（）使用方法。）
favorite_number = {
'kangkang' : 3,
'jane' : 5,
'dudu' : 7
}
for name,number in favorite_number.items():
print(name.title() + "'s favorite number is: " + str(number) + ".")
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
Kangkang's favorite number is: 3.
Jane's favorite number is: 5.
Dudu's favorite number is: 7.
4.嵌套：（字典和列表的相互转换）
a.将字典存储在列表中：
#创建一个用于存储外星人的空列表
aliens = []
#创建10个绿色的外星人
for alien_number in range(0,10):
new_alien = {'color': 'green', 'points': 4, 'speed': 'slow'}
aliens.append(new_alien)
for alien in aliens[0:3]:
if alien['color'] == 'green':
alien['color'] = 'yellow'
alien['points'] = 5
alien['speed'] = 'medium'
#显示前5个外星人的信息：
for alien in aliens[0:5]:
print(alien)
print("...")
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
{'color': 'yellow', 'points': 5, 'speed': 'medium'}
{'color': 'yellow', 'points': 5, 'speed': 'medium'}
{'color': 'yellow', 'points': 5, 'speed': 'medium'}
{'color': 'green', 'points': 4, 'speed': 'slow'}
{'color': 'green', 'points': 4, 'speed': 'slow'}
...
b.将列表存储在字典中：
#存储所点披萨的信息
pizza = {
'crust': 'thick',
'toppings': ['mushroom', 'extra cheese']
}
#概述所点的披萨
print("You ordered a " + pizza['crust'] + "-crust pizza"
+ "with the following toppings:")
for topping in pizza['toppings']:
print("\t" + topping)
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
You ordered a thick-crust pizza with the following toppings:
mushroom
extra cheese
favorite_languages = {
'jen': ['python', 'ruby'],
'sarah': ['c'],
'edward': ['ruby', 'go'],
'phil': ['python', 'haskell'],
}
for name,languages in favorite_languages.items():
print("\n" + name.title() + "'s favorite languages are:")
for language in languages:
print("\t" + language.title())
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
Jen's favorite languages are:
Python
Ruby
Sarah's favorite languages are:
C
Edward's favorite languages are:
Ruby
Go
Phil's favorite languages are:
Python
Haskell
c.在字典中存储字典：
users = {
'sdfas': {
'first': 'safds',
'last': 'asfsad',
'location': 'dsaf',
},
'sdfa': {
'first': 'saefs',
'last': 'sadfad',
'location': 'dfgs',
},
}
for username, user_info in users.items():
print("\nUsername: " + username)
full_name = user_info['first'] + user_info['last']
location = user_info['location']
print("\tFull name: " + full_name.title())
print("\tLocation: " + location.title())
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
Username: sdfas
Full name: Safdsasfsad
Location: Dsaf
Username: sdfa
Full name: Saefssadfad
Location: Dfgs
六、用户输入和while循环：
1.用int将输入的信息变为数字型，方便后续的操作：
height = input("Tell me your height, and I will tell you something: ")
height = int(height)
if height >= 168:
print("\nYou're tall enough to ride! ")
else:
print("\nYou'll be able to ride when you're a little taller")
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
Tell me your height, and I will tell you something: 167
You'll be able to ride when you're a little taller
2.while循环：
prompt = "\nTell me something, and I will repeat it back to you: "
prompt += "\nEnter 'quit' to end the program. "
message = ""
while message != 'quit':
message = input(prompt)
if message != 'quit':
print(message)
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you:
Enter 'quit' to end the program. dd
dd
Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you:
Enter 'quit' to end the program. quit
或者使用标志来简化：
prompt = "\nTell me something, and I will repeat it back to you: "
prompt += "\nEnter 'quit' to end the program. "
active = True
while active:
message = input(prompt)
if message == 'quit':
active = False
else:
print(message)
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you:
Enter 'quit' to end the program. dd
dd
Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you:
Enter 'quit' to end the program. quit
3.使用break退出循环：（相当于将上面的active = False 换成break！！！直接将它截至了）
在循环中使用continue：
current_number = 0
while current_number < 10:
current_number += 1
if current_number % 2 == 0:
continue
print(current_number)
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
1
3
5
7
9
4.使用while循环来处理列表和字典：
(for循环在遍历列表的过程中不应修改列表，while循环遍历列表的同时可以对其进行修改。)
a.在列表之间移动元素
#首先创建一个待验证用户列表
#和一个用于存储已验证用户的空列表
unconfirmed_users = ['alice','michale',
'dudu','jifsaokf']
confirmed_users = []
#验证每个用户，直到没有为验证用户为止
#将每个经过验证的列表都移到已验证用户列表中
while unconfirmed_users:
current_user = unconfirmed_users.pop()
print("Verifying user: " + current_user.title())
confirmed_users.append(current_user)
#显示所有已验证的用户
print("\nThe following users have been confirmed:")
for confirmed_user in confirmed_users:
print(confirmed_user.title())
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
Verifying user: Jifsaokf
Verifying user: Dudu
Verifying user: Michale
Verifying user: Alice
The following users have been confirmed:
Jifsaokf
Dudu
Michale
Alice
b.删除包含特定值的所有列表元素：
pets = ['dog','cat','pig',
'cat','crarrot','cat']
print(pets)
while 'cat' in pets:
pets.remove('cat')
print(pets)
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
['dog', 'cat', 'pig', 'cat', 'crarrot', 'cat']
['dog', 'pig', 'crarrot']
c.使用用户输入来填充字典：
responses = {}
#设置一个标志，指出调查是否继续
polling_active = True
while polling_active:
#提示输入被调查者的名字和回答
name = input("\nWhat is your name? ")
response = input("Which mountain would you like to climb someday? ")
#将答案存储在字典中
responses[name] = response
#看看是否还有人要参与调查
repeat = input("Would you like to let another person respond?(yse/no) ")
if repeat == 'no':
polling_active = False
#调查结束，显示结果
print("\n--- Poll Results ---")
for name, response in responses.items():
print(name + " would like to climb " + response + ".")
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
What is your name? kk
Which mountain would you like to climb someday? ll
Would you like to let another person respond?(yse/no) yes
What is your name? dd
Which mountain would you like to climb someday? sdfs
Would you like to let another person respond?(yse/no) no
--- Poll Results ---
kk would like to climb ll.
dd would like to climb sdfs.
七、函数：
1.定义函数：
a.向函数传递信息
def greet_user(username):
"""显示简单的问候语"""
print("Hello, " + username.title() + "!")
greet_user('jessde')
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
Hello, Jessde!
b.实参和形参：
变量username就是形参，‘jessde’是形参。
2.传递实参：
a.位置实参
def describe_pet(animal_type, pet_name):
"""显示宠物的信息"""
print("\nI have a " + animal_type + ".")
print("My " + animal_type + "'s name is " + pet_name.title() + ".")
describe_pet('cat','fdsdfda')
describe_pet('dog','adgfg')
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
I have a cat.
My cat's name is Fdsdfda.
I have a dog.
My dog's name is Adgfg.
b.默认值：
def describe_pet(pet_name, animal_type = 'cat'):
"""显示宠物的信息"""
print("\nI have a " + animal_type + ".")
print("My " + animal_type + "'s name is " + pet_name.title() + ".")
describe_pet(pet_name='fdsdfda')
describe_pet(pet_name='adgfg')
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
I have a cat.
My cat's name is Fdsdfda.
I have a cat.
My cat's name is Adgfg.
3.返回值：
a.返回简单的值
def get_formatted_name(first_name,last_name):
"""返回整洁的姓名"""
full_name = first_name + ' '+ last_name
return full_name.title()
musician = get_formatted_name('adf','asffds')
print(musician)
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
Adf Asffds
b.让实参变成可选的：
def get_formatted_name(first_name,last_name,middle_name=''):
"""返回整洁的姓名"""
if middle_name:
full_name = first_name + ' ' + middle_name + ' ' + last_name
else:
full_name = first_name + ' '+ last_name
return full_name.title()
musician = get_formatted_name('adf','asffds')
print(musician)
musician = get_formatted_name('daff','asdf','asfd')
print(musician)
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
Adf Asffds
Daff Asfd Asdf
c.返回字典
def buid_person(first_name,last_name,age=''):
"""返回一个字典，其中包括有关一个人的信息"""
person = {'first':first_name,'last':last_name}
if age :
person['age'] = age
return person
musician = buid_person('jimi','hendi',age=28)
print(musician)
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
{'first': 'jimi', 'last': 'hendi', 'age': 28}
4.传递列表：
def print_models(unprinted_designs,completed_models):
"""
模拟打印每个设计，直到没有未打印的设计为止
打印每个设计后，都将其移到列表completed_models中
"""
while unprinted_designs:
current_design = unprinted_designs.pop()
#模拟根据设计制作3D打印模型的过程
print("Printing model : " + current_design)
completed_models.append(current_design)
def show_completed_models(completed_models):
print("\nThe following models have been printed:")
for completed_model in completed_models:
print(completed_model)
unprinted_designs = ['iphone case' , 'adssf sf ' , 'adsf asfds']
completed_models = []
print_models(unprinted_designs,completed_models)
show_completed_models(completed_models)
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
Printing model : adsf asfds
Printing model : adssf sf
Printing model : iphone case
The following models have been printed:
adsf asfds
adssf sf
iphone case
5.将函数存储在模块当中：
a.导入特定函数使，可以用as给函数指定别名：
（Eg：from pizza import make_pizza as mp）
b.导入模块中的所有函数：from pizza import *
八、类：
1.基本的一些操作，类中的函数名称为方法。
class Dog() :
"""一次模拟小狗的简单尝试"""
def __init__(self,name,age):
"""初始化属性name和age"""
self.name = name
self.age = age
def sit(self):
"""模拟小狗被命令时蹲下"""
print(self.name.title() + " is now sitting.")
def roll_over(self):
"""模拟小狗被命令时打滚"""
print(self.name.title() + " rolled over!")
my_dog = Dog('dafsfd',7)
print("My dog's name is " + my_dog.name.title())
print("My dog's age is " + str(my_dog.age))
my_dog.sit()
my_dog.roll_over()
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
My dog's name is Dafsfd
My dog's age is 7
Dafsfd is now sitting.
Dafsfd rolled over!
2.使用类和实例：
a.给属性指定默认值：
class Car():
"""一次模拟汽车的简单尝试"""
def __init__(self,make,model,year):
"""初始化描述汽车的属性"""
self.make = make
self.model = model
self.year = year
self.odometer_reading = 0
def get_descriptive_name(self):
"""返回整洁的描述性信息"""
long_name = str(self.year) + ' ' + self.make + ' ' + self.model
return long_name.title()
def read_odmeter(self):
"""打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"""
print("This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it.")
my_new_car = Car('audi','a4',2016)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
my_new_car.read_odmeter()
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
2016 Audi A4
This car has 0 miles on it.
b.修改属性的值
snip
my_new_car = Car('audi','a4',2016)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
my_new_car.read_odmeter()
my_new_car.odometer_reading = 23
my_new_car.read_odmeter()
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
2016 Audi A4
This car has 0 miles on it.
This car has 23 miles on it.
c.因为里程数是无法倒退的，所以我们需要设置里程数不能减少的条件
class Car():
"""一次模拟汽车的简单尝试"""
def __init__(self,make,model,year):
"""初始化描述汽车的属性"""
self.make = make
self.model = model
self.year = year
self.odometer_reading = 0
def get_descriptive_name(self):
"""返回整洁的描述性信息"""
long_name = str(self.year) + ' ' + self.make + ' ' + self.model
return long_name.title()
def read_odmeter(self):
"""打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"""
print("This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it.")
def update_odometer(self,mileage):
"""
将里程表读数设置为指定的值
禁止将里程数读数往回调
"""
if mileage >= self.odometer_reading:
self.odometer_reading = mileage
else:
print("You can't roll back an odemeter!")
my_new_car = Car('audi','a4',2016)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
my_new_car.read_odmeter()
my_new_car.update_odometer(25)
my_new_car.read_odmeter()
my_new_car.update_odometer(23)
my_new_car.read_odmeter()
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
2016 Audi A4
This car has 0 miles on it.
This car has 25 miles on it.
You can't roll back an odemeter!
This car has 25 miles on it.
3.继承：（一个类继承另一个类时，它将自动获得另一个类的所有属性和方法；原有的类称为父类，而新类称为子类）
class Car():
"""一次模拟汽车的简单尝试"""
def __init__(self,make,model,year):
"""初始化描述汽车的属性"""
self.make = make
self.model = model
self.year = year
self.odometer_reading = 0
def get_descriptive_name(self):
"""返回整洁的描述性信息"""
long_name = str(self.year) + ' ' + self.make + ' ' + self.model
return long_name.title()
def read_odmeter(self):
"""打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"""
print("This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it.")
def update_odometer(self,mileage):
"""
将里程表读数设置为指定的值
禁止将里程数读数往回调
"""
if mileage >= self.odometer_reading:
self.odometer_reading = mileage
else:
print("You can't roll back an odemeter!")
def increment_odometer(self,miles):
self.odometer_reading += miles
class ElectricCar(Car):
"""电动汽车的独特之处"""
def _init_(self,make,model,year):
"""初始化父类的属性"""
super.__init__(make,model,year)
my_tesla = ElectricCar('sdafsad','model s',2017)
print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
2017 Sdafsad Model S
4.重写父类的方法、将实例用作属性等等：
class Car():
"""一次模拟汽车的简单尝试"""
def __init__(self,make,model,year):
"""初始化描述汽车的属性"""
self.make = make
self.model = model
self.year = year
self.odometer_reading = 0
def get_descriptive_name(self):
"""返回整洁的描述性信息"""
long_name = str(self.year) + ' ' + self.make + ' ' + self.model
return long_name.title()
def read_odmeter(self):
"""打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"""
print("This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it.")
def update_odometer(self,mileage):
"""
将里程表读数设置为指定的值
禁止将里程数读数往回调
"""
if mileage >= self.odometer_reading:
self.odometer_reading = mileage
else:
print("You can't roll back an odemeter!")
def increment_odometer(self,miles):
self.odometer_reading += miles
class Baterry():
"""一次模拟电动汽车电瓶的尝试"""
def __init__(self,battery_size=70):
"""初始化电瓶的属性"""
self.battery_size = battery_size
def describe_battery(self):
"""打印一条描述电瓶容量的信息"""
print("This car has a " + str(self.battery_size) + "-kWh battery.")
class ElectricCar(Car):
"""电动汽车的独特之处"""
def __init__(self,make,model,year):
"""初始化父类的属性"""
super().__init__(make,model,year)
self.battery = Baterry()
my_tesla = ElectricCar('sdafsad','model s',2017)
print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())
my_tesla.battery.describe_battery()
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/exercise/first/exercise.py
2017 Sdafsad Model S
This car has a 70-kWh battery.
super().__init__(make,model,year)处的super()是一个特殊函数，帮助python将父类和子类关联起来；这行代码让python调用ElectricCar的父类的方法_init_()，让ElectricCar实例包含父类的所有属性。
5.导入类
from car import Car
my_new_car = Car('duai','a6',2019)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
my_new_car.odometer_reading = 29
my_new_car.read_odometer
目前安装的python有一些问题，还无法进行导入功能，待提升。
九、文件和异常：
1.从文件中读取数据：
with open('pi_digits.txt') as file_object:
contents = file_object.read()
print(contents)
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/pycharm5.0.3/exercise/.idea/exercise/file_reader.py
3.1415926535
2.关于异常：
print("Give me two numbers, and I will divide them.")
print("Enter 'q' to quit.")
while True:
first_number = input("\nFirst number: ")
if first_number == 'q':
break
second_number = input("\nSecond number: ")
try:
answer = int(first_number) / int(second_number)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("You can't divide by 0!")
else:
print(answer)
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/untitled/exercise/addinterest2.py
Give me two numbers, and I will divide them.
Enter 'q' to quit.
First number: 5
Second number: 0
You can't divide by 0!
First number: 5
Second number: 3
1.6666666666666667
First number: q
3.FileNotFoundError:
filename = 'alice.txt'
try:
with open(filename) as f_obj:
contents = f_obj.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
msg = "Sorry, the file " + " does not exist."
print(msg)
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/untitled/exercise/addinterest2.py
Sorry, the file does not exist.
其他：
1.求二次方程的两个根及抛出异常的处理：
__author__ = '12957'
import math
def main():
print("This program finds the real solutions to a quadratic.\n")
try:
a,b,c = eval(input("Please enter the coefficients(a,b,c): "))
discRoot = math.sqrt(b*b-4*a*c)
root1 = (-b + discRoot) / (2*a)
root2 = (-b - discRoot) / (2*a)
print("\nThe solutions are:",root1,root2)
except ValueError as excObj:
if str(excObj) == "math domain error":
print("No Real Roots. ")
else:
print("You didn't give me the right number of coefficients.")
except NameError:
print("\nYou didn't enter three numbers. ")
except TypeError:
print("\nYour inputs were not all numbers ")
except SyntaxError:
print("\nYour inputs was not in the correct form. Missing comma?")
except:
print("\nSomething went wrong,sorry!")
main()
D:\Python3\python.exe D:/PyCharm4.5/untitled/exercise/fangchengqiujie.py
This program finds the real solutions to a quadratic.
Please enter the coefficients(a,b,c): 1,6,4
The solutions are: -0.7639320225002102 -5.23606797749979
2.求三角形周长（有点问题）：
def main():
print("Please enter (x,y) of three points in turn: ")
# 获取用户输入的三个坐标点
x1, y1 = eval(input("Point1:(x,y) = "))
x2, y2 = eval(input("Point2:(x,y) = "))
x3, y3 = eval(input("Point3:(x,y) = "))
# 判断三个点是否构成三角形
if(isTriangle(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3)):
perim = distance(x1,y1,x2,y2) + distance(x1,y1,x3,y3) + distance(x2,y2,x3,y3)
print("The perimeter of the triangle is: {0:0.2f}".format(perim))
else:
print("Kidding me? This is not a triangle!")
3.函数的形参只接收了实参的值，给形参赋值并不影响实参？
def addInterest(balance, rate):
newBalance = balance * (1+rate)
return newBalance
def main():
amount = 1000
rate = 0.05
amount = addInterest(amount, rate)
print(amount)
main()
区别：
def addInterest(balance, rate):
newBalance = balance * (1+rate)
balance = newBalance
def main():
amount = 1000
rate = 0.05
amount = addInterest(amount, rate)
print(amount)
main()
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