Solver基类

Solver

通过Net初始化之后，网络已经建立完成，在这里可以理解为建立了一些列操作图（operations grap）

之前在Net、Layer中实现了一些前向反向传播的函数，以及分配内存空间，在Solver中，实现的主要是实质性的网络训练过程，包括正则化，每一层的局部学习率，学习率的衰减，以及数据块data - diff的操作等操作。Solver的核心是Step函数，迭代的训练网络，更新权重。接下来我们首先看看头文件，申明了哪些变量和操作

头文件

#ifndef CAFFE_SOLVER_HPP_
#define CAFFE_SOLVER_HPP_
#include <boost/function.hpp>
#include <string>
#include <vector>

#include "caffe/net.hpp"
#include "caffe/solver_factory.hpp"
#include "caffe/util/benchmark.hpp"

namespace caffe {

/**
  * @brief Enumeration of actions that a client of the Solver may request by
  * implementing the Solver's action request function, which a
  * client may optionally provide in order to request early termination
  * or saving a snapshot without exiting. In the executable caffe, this
  * mechanism is used to allow the snapshot to be saved when stopping
  * execution with a SIGINT (Ctrl-C).
  */
  //新的命名空间，里面定义了优化器的一些操作
  //NONE：继续训练
  //STOP：停止训练
  //SNAPSHOT：快照，存储中间模型
  namespace SolverAction {
    enum Enum {
      NONE = 0,  // Take no special action.
      STOP = 1,  // Stop training. snapshot_after_train controls whether a
                 // snapshot is created.
      SNAPSHOT = 2  // Take a snapshot, and keep training.
    };
  }

/**
 * @brief Type of a function that returns a Solver Action enumeration.
 */
typedef boost::function<SolverAction::Enum()> ActionCallback;

/**
 * @brief An interface for classes that perform optimization on Net%s.
 *
 * Requires implementation of ApplyUpdate to compute a parameter update
 * given the current state of the Net parameters.
 */
template <typename Dtype>
class Solver {
 public:
  explicit Solver(const SolverParameter& param);
  explicit Solver(const string& param_file);
  //初始化优化器，以及初始化网络，主要是调用Net类的构造函数从而调用Net::Init
  void Init(const SolverParameter& param); 
  void InitTrainNet();
  void InitTestNets();

  // Client of the Solver optionally may call this in order to set the function
  // that the solver uses to see what action it should take (e.g. snapshot or
  // exit training early).
  void SetActionFunction(ActionCallback func);
  SolverAction::Enum GetRequestedAction();
  // The main entry of the solver function. In default, iter will be zero. Pass
  // in a non-zero iter number to resume training for a pre-trained net.
  virtual void Solve(const char* resume_file = NULL);
  inline void Solve(const string resume_file) { Solve(resume_file.c_str()); }
  //Solver的核心部分
  void Step(int iters);
  // The Restore method simply dispatches to one of the
  // RestoreSolverStateFrom___ protected methods. You should implement these
  // methods to restore the state from the appropriate snapshot type.
  //从快照文件中恢复权重
  void Restore(const char* resume_file);
  // The Solver::Snapshot function implements the basic snapshotting utility
  // that stores the learned net. You should implement the SnapshotSolverState()
  // function that produces a SolverState protocol buffer that needs to be
  // written to disk together with the learned net.
  void Snapshot();
  virtual ~Solver() {}
  inline const SolverParameter& param() const { return param_; }
  //返回网络指针Net，在一个solver类中，可能有多个测试网络，但是只有一个训练网络
  inline shared_ptr<Net<Dtype> > net() { return net_; }
  inline const vector<shared_ptr<Net<Dtype> > >& test_nets() {
    return test_nets_;
  }
  //返回当前迭代的次数
  int iter() const { return iter_; }

  // Invoked at specific points during an iteration
  class Callback {
   protected:
    virtual void on_start() = 0;
    virtual void on_gradients_ready() = 0;

    template <typename T>
    friend class Solver;
  };
  const vector<Callback*>& callbacks() const { return callbacks_; }
  void add_callback(Callback* value) {
    callbacks_.push_back(value);
  }

  void CheckSnapshotWritePermissions();
  /**
   * @brief Returns the solver type.
   */
  virtual inline const char* type() const { return ""; }

  // Make and apply the update value for the current iteration.
  // ApplyUpdate更新权重，但是在Solve基类中是一个纯虚函数
  //根据不同的优化器，有不同的优化方法，SGD、SGDMoment、RMPro、Adam
  virtual void ApplyUpdate() = 0;

 protected:
  string SnapshotFilename(const string extension); //返回快照文件的名字
  string SnapshotToBinaryProto();//将快照文件转换成二进制文件Proto
  string SnapshotToHDF5();//HDF5文件
  // The test routine
  void TestAll();//测试所有测试网络
  void Test(const int test_net_id = 0);//测试单个测试网络
  virtual void SnapshotSolverState(const string& model_filename) = 0;
  virtual void RestoreSolverStateFromHDF5(const string& state_file) = 0;
  virtual void RestoreSolverStateFromBinaryProto(const string& state_file) = 0;
  void DisplayOutputBlobs(const int net_id);
  // 平滑损失，其实就是平均平移化损失函数，避免梯度变化剧烈，
  void UpdateSmoothedLoss(Dtype loss, int start_iter, int average_loss);

  SolverParameter param_;
  int iter_;//网络总迭代的次数
  int current_step_; //当前网络迭代次数
  shared_ptr<Net<Dtype> > net_;
  vector<shared_ptr<Net<Dtype> > > test_nets_;
  vector<Callback*> callbacks_;
  vector<Dtype> losses_;
  Dtype smoothed_loss_;

  // A function that can be set by a client of the Solver to provide indication
  // that it wants a snapshot saved and/or to exit early.
  ActionCallback action_request_function_;

  // True iff a request to stop early was received.
  bool requested_early_exit_;

  // Timing information, handy to tune e.g. nbr of GPUs
  Timer iteration_timer_;
  float iterations_last_;

  DISABLE_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Solver);
};

}  // namespace caffe

#endif  // CAFFE_SOLVER_HPP_

Solver源文件

在Solver基类中，没有给出具体的优化方法，具体在不同的优化器中实现的！具体我们来看看源文件

#include <cstdio>

#include <string>
#include <vector>

#include "boost/algorithm/string.hpp"
#include "caffe/solver.hpp"
#include "caffe/util/format.hpp"
#include "caffe/util/hdf5.hpp"
#include "caffe/util/io.hpp"
#include "caffe/util/upgrade_proto.hpp"

namespace caffe {

template<typename Dtype>
void Solver<Dtype>::SetActionFunction(ActionCallback func) {
  action_request_function_ = func;
}

template<typename Dtype>
SolverAction::Enum Solver<Dtype>::GetRequestedAction() {
  if (action_request_function_) {
    // If the external request function has been set, call it.
    return action_request_function_();
  }
  return SolverAction::NONE;
}

template <typename Dtype>
Solver<Dtype>::Solver(const SolverParameter& param)
    : net_(), callbacks_(), requested_early_exit_(false) {
  Init(param);//初始化优化器
}

template <typename Dtype>
Solver<Dtype>::Solver(const string& param_file)
    : net_(), callbacks_(), requested_early_exit_(false) {
  SolverParameter param;
  ReadSolverParamsFromTextFileOrDie(param_file, &param);
  Init(param);
}

template <typename Dtype>
void Solver<Dtype>::Init(const SolverParameter& param) {
  LOG_IF(INFO, Caffe::root_solver()) << "Initializing solver from parameters: "
    << std::endl << param.DebugString();
  param_ = param;
  CHECK_GE(param_.average_loss(), 1) << "average_loss should be non-negative.";
  CheckSnapshotWritePermissions();
  if (param_.random_seed() >= 0) {
    Caffe::set_random_seed(param_.random_seed() + Caffe::solver_rank());
  }
  // Scaffolding code
  InitTrainNet();//初始化训练网络
  InitTestNets();//初始化测试网络
  if (Caffe::root_solver()) {
    LOG(INFO) << "Solver scaffolding done.";
  }
  iter_ = 0;//初始化总共迭代次数
  current_step_ = 0;//当前迭代次数
}

// Load weights from the caffemodel(s) specified in "weights" solver parameter
// into the train and test nets.
//导入预训练模型，进行fine-tunning
template <typename Dtype>
void LoadNetWeights(shared_ptr<Net<Dtype> > net,
    const std::string& model_list) {
  std::vector<std::string> model_names;
  boost::split(model_names, model_list, boost::is_any_of(","));
  for (int i = 0; i < model_names.size(); ++i) {
    boost::trim(model_names[i]);
    LOG(INFO) << "Finetuning from " << model_names[i];
    net->CopyTrainedLayersFrom(model_names[i]);//导入权值
  }
}

template <typename Dtype>
void Solver<Dtype>::InitTrainNet() {
  const int num_train_nets = param_.has_net() + param_.has_net_param() +
      param_.has_train_net() + param_.has_train_net_param();
  const string& field_names = "net, net_param, train_net, train_net_param";
  //训练网络只能有一个
  CHECK_GE(num_train_nets, 1) << "SolverParameter must specify a train net "
      << "using one of these fields: " << field_names;
  CHECK_LE(num_train_nets, 1) << "SolverParameter must not contain more than "
      << "one of these fields specifying a train_net: " << field_names;
  NetParameter net_param;/导入到net_param参数
  if (param_.has_train_net_param()) {
    LOG_IF(INFO, Caffe::root_solver())
        << "Creating training net specified in train_net_param.";
    net_param.CopyFrom(param_.train_net_param());
  } else if (param_.has_train_net()) {
    LOG_IF(INFO, Caffe::root_solver())
        << "Creating training net from train_net file: " << param_.train_net();
    ReadNetParamsFromTextFileOrDie(param_.train_net(), &net_param);
  }
  if (param_.has_net_param()) {
    LOG_IF(INFO, Caffe::root_solver())
        << "Creating training net specified in net_param.";
    net_param.CopyFrom(param_.net_param());
  }
  if (param_.has_net()) {
    LOG_IF(INFO, Caffe::root_solver())
        << "Creating training net from net file: " << param_.net();
    ReadNetParamsFromTextFileOrDie(param_.net(), &net_param);
  }
  // Set the correct NetState.  We start with the solver defaults (lowest
  // precedence); then, merge in any NetState specified by the net_param itself;
  // finally, merge in any NetState specified by the train_state (highest
  // precedence).
  NetState net_state;
  net_state.set_phase(TRAIN);
  net_state.MergeFrom(net_param.state());
  net_state.MergeFrom(param_.train_state());
  net_param.mutable_state()->CopyFrom(net_state);
  //创建网络指针，并用net_parm将其初始化
  net_.reset(new Net<Dtype>(net_param));
  for (int w_idx = 0; w_idx < param_.weights_size(); ++w_idx) {
    LoadNetWeights(net_, param_.weights(w_idx));//导入所有的权重
  }
}

template <typename Dtype>
void Solver<Dtype>::InitTestNets() {
  const bool has_net_param = param_.has_net_param();
  const bool has_net_file = param_.has_net();
  const int num_generic_nets = has_net_param + has_net_file;
  //测试网络至少有一个
  CHECK_LE(num_generic_nets, 1)
      << "Both net_param and net_file may not be specified.";
  const int num_test_net_params = param_.test_net_param_size();
  const int num_test_net_files = param_.test_net_size();
  const int num_test_nets = num_test_net_params + num_test_net_files;
  if (num_generic_nets) {
      CHECK_GE(param_.test_iter_size(), num_test_nets)
          << "test_iter must be specified for each test network.";
  } else {
      CHECK_EQ(param_.test_iter_size(), num_test_nets)
          << "test_iter must be specified for each test network.";
  }
  // If we have a generic net (specified by net or net_param, rather than
  // test_net or test_net_param), we may have an unlimited number of actual
  // test networks -- the actual number is given by the number of remaining
  // test_iters after any test nets specified by test_net_param and/or test_net
  // are evaluated.
  const int num_generic_net_instances = param_.test_iter_size() - num_test_nets;
  const int num_test_net_instances = num_test_nets + num_generic_net_instances;
  if (param_.test_state_size()) {
    CHECK_EQ(param_.test_state_size(), num_test_net_instances)
        << "test_state must be unspecified or specified once per test net.";
  }
  if (num_test_net_instances) {
    CHECK_GT(param_.test_interval(), 0);
  }
  int test_net_id = 0;
  vector<string> sources(num_test_net_instances);
  vector<NetParameter> net_params(num_test_net_instances);
  for (int i = 0; i < num_test_net_params; ++i, ++test_net_id) {
      sources[test_net_id] = "test_net_param";
      net_params[test_net_id].CopyFrom(param_.test_net_param(i));
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < num_test_net_files; ++i, ++test_net_id) {
      sources[test_net_id] = "test_net file: " + param_.test_net(i);
      ReadNetParamsFromTextFileOrDie(param_.test_net(i),
          &net_params[test_net_id]);
  }
  const int remaining_test_nets = param_.test_iter_size() - test_net_id;
  if (has_net_param) {
    for (int i = 0; i < remaining_test_nets; ++i, ++test_net_id) {
      sources[test_net_id] = "net_param";
      net_params[test_net_id].CopyFrom(param_.net_param());
    }
  }
  if (has_net_file) {
    for (int i = 0; i < remaining_test_nets; ++i, ++test_net_id) {
      sources[test_net_id] = "net file: " + param_.net();
      ReadNetParamsFromTextFileOrDie(param_.net(), &net_params[test_net_id]);
    }
  }
  test_nets_.resize(num_test_net_instances);
  for (int i = 0; i < num_test_net_instances; ++i) {
    // Set the correct NetState.  We start with the solver defaults (lowest
    // precedence); then, merge in any NetState specified by the net_param
    // itself; finally, merge in any NetState specified by the test_state
    // (highest precedence).
    NetState net_state;
    net_state.set_phase(TEST);
    net_state.MergeFrom(net_params[i].state());
    if (param_.test_state_size()) {
      net_state.MergeFrom(param_.test_state(i));
    }
    net_params[i].mutable_state()->CopyFrom(net_state);
    LOG(INFO)
        << "Creating test net (#" << i << ") specified by " << sources[i];
    test_nets_[i].reset(new Net<Dtype>(net_params[i]));
    test_nets_[i]->set_debug_info(param_.debug_info());
    for (int w_idx = 0; w_idx < param_.weights_size(); ++w_idx) {
      LoadNetWeights(test_nets_[i], param_.weights(w_idx));
    }
  }
}
//核心训练函数，训练过程直接使用的函数
template <typename Dtype>
void Solver<Dtype>::Step(int iters) {
  const int start_iter = iter_;//开始迭代的次数
  const int stop_iter = iter_ + iters;//训练结束迭代的次数
  int average_loss = this->param_.average_loss();//平均损失函数
  losses_.clear();
  smoothed_loss_ = 0; //损失函数进行平滑
  iteration_timer_.Start();
//大循环，进行迭代
  while (iter_ < stop_iter) {
    // zero-init the params
    net_->ClearParamDiffs();//清除网络中diff中的值
    //是否应该进行测试了
    if (param_.test_interval() && iter_ % param_.test_interval() == 0
        && (iter_ > 0 || param_.test_initialization())) {
      if (Caffe::root_solver()) {
        TestAll();//测试所有网络
      }
      if (requested_early_exit_) {
        // Break out of the while loop because stop was requested while testing.
        break;
      }
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < callbacks_.size(); ++i) {
      callbacks_[i]->on_start();
    }
    //在终端打印中间训练结构
    const bool display = param_.display() && iter_ % param_.display() == 0;
    net_->set_debug_info(display && param_.debug_info());
    // accumulate the loss and gradient
    Dtype loss = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < param_.iter_size(); ++i) {
      loss += net_->ForwardBackward();
    }
    //在Caffe 中，iter_size表示多少次前向传播算一次迭代
    //这种情况主要是由于显卡内存的限制，所以进行多次前向传播记作一次迭代
    //因此Caffe batch_size = iter_size * 显卡个数 * batch_size_per_GPU_per_iter
    loss /= param_.iter_size(); 
    // average the loss across iterations for smoothed reporting
    //损失函数平滑
    UpdateSmoothedLoss(loss, start_iter, average_loss);
    if (display) {
    //计算迭代时间
      float lapse = iteration_timer_.Seconds();
      float per_s = (iter_ - iterations_last_) / (lapse ? lapse : 1);
      LOG_IF(INFO, Caffe::root_solver()) << "Iteration " << iter_
          << " (" << per_s << " iter/s, " << lapse << "s/"
          << param_.display() << " iters), loss = " << smoothed_loss_;
      iteration_timer_.Start();
      iterations_last_ = iter_;

      //输出
      const vector<Blob<Dtype>*>& result = net_->output_blobs();
      int score_index = 0;
      for (int j = 0; j < result.size(); ++j) {
        const Dtype* result_vec = result[j]->cpu_data();
        const string& output_name =
            net_->blob_names()[net_->output_blob_indices()[j]];
        const Dtype loss_weight =
            net_->blob_loss_weights()[net_->output_blob_indices()[j]];
        for (int k = 0; k < result[j]->count(); ++k) {
          ostringstream loss_msg_stream;
          //如果是损失值的话，则打印相关的信息
          if (loss_weight) {
            loss_msg_stream << " (* " << loss_weight
                            << " = " << loss_weight * result_vec[k] << " loss)";
          }
          //然后，打印，输出值
          LOG_IF(INFO, Caffe::root_solver()) << "    Train net output #"
              << score_index++ << ": " << output_name << " = "
              << result_vec[k] << loss_msg_stream.str();
        }
      }
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < callbacks_.size(); ++i) {
      callbacks_[i]->on_gradients_ready();
    }
    //更新权值，在Solver基类中，是一个纯虚函数，根据不同的优化器，进行更新
    ApplyUpdate();

    SolverAction::Enum request = GetRequestedAction();

    // Save a snapshot if needed.
    //快照，存储中间训练模型
    if ((param_.snapshot()
         && iter_ % param_.snapshot() == 0
         && Caffe::root_solver()) ||
         (request == SolverAction::SNAPSHOT)) {
      Snapshot();
    }
    if (SolverAction::STOP == request) {
      requested_early_exit_ = true;
      // Break out of training loop.
      break;
    }
  }
}

//如果从某个人文件中，恢复训练则构造函数中，直接开始训练
template <typename Dtype>
void Solver<Dtype>::Solve(const char* resume_file) {
  CHECK(Caffe::root_solver());
  LOG(INFO) << "Solving " << net_->name();
  LOG(INFO) << "Learning Rate Policy: " << param_.lr_policy();

  // Initialize to false every time we start solving.
  requested_early_exit_ = false;

  if (resume_file) {
    LOG(INFO) << "Restoring previous solver status from " << resume_file;
    Restore(resume_file);
  }

  // For a network that is trained by the solver, no bottom or top vecs
  // should be given, and we will just provide dummy vecs.
  int start_iter = iter_;
  Step(param_.max_iter() - iter_);
  // If we haven't already, save a snapshot after optimization, unless
  // overridden by setting snapshot_after_train := false
  if (param_.snapshot_after_train()
      && (!param_.snapshot() || iter_ % param_.snapshot() != 0)) {
    Snapshot();
  }
  if (requested_early_exit_) {
    LOG(INFO) << "Optimization stopped early.";
    return;
  }
  // After the optimization is done, run an additional train and test pass to
  // display the train and test loss/outputs if appropriate (based on the
  // display and test_interval settings, respectively).  Unlike in the rest of
  // training, for the train net we only run a forward pass as we've already
  // updated the parameters "max_iter" times -- this final pass is only done to
  // display the loss, which is computed in the forward pass.
  if (param_.display() && iter_ % param_.display() == 0) {
    int average_loss = this->param_.average_loss();
    Dtype loss;
    net_->Forward(&loss);

    UpdateSmoothedLoss(loss, start_iter, average_loss);

    LOG(INFO) << "Iteration " << iter_ << ", loss = " << smoothed_loss_;
  }
  if (param_.test_interval() && iter_ % param_.test_interval() == 0) {
    TestAll();
  }
  LOG(INFO) << "Optimization Done.";
}

template <typename Dtype>
//测试所有的测试网络
void Solver<Dtype>::TestAll() {
  for (int test_net_id = 0;
       test_net_id < test_nets_.size() && !requested_early_exit_;
       ++test_net_id) {
    Test(test_net_id);
  }
}

template <typename Dtype>
void Solver<Dtype>::Test(const int test_net_id) {
  CHECK(Caffe::root_solver());
  LOG(INFO) << "Iteration " << iter_
            << ", Testing net (#" << test_net_id << ")";
//和训练网络共享权值
  CHECK_NOTNULL(test_nets_[test_net_id].get())->
      ShareTrainedLayersWith(net_.get());
  vector<Dtype> test_score;
  vector<int> test_score_output_id;
  const shared_ptr<Net<Dtype> >& test_net = test_nets_[test_net_id];
  Dtype loss = 0;
  //大循环，测试次数
  for (int i = 0; i < param_.test_iter(test_net_id); ++i) {
    SolverAction::Enum request = GetRequestedAction();
    // Check to see if stoppage of testing/training has been requested.
    while (request != SolverAction::NONE) {
        if (SolverAction::SNAPSHOT == request) {
          Snapshot();
        } else if (SolverAction::STOP == request) {
          requested_early_exit_ = true;
        }
        request = GetRequestedAction();
    }
    if (requested_early_exit_) {
      // break out of test loop.
      break;
    }
//损失值计算
    Dtype iter_loss;
    const vector<Blob<Dtype>*>& result =
        test_net->Forward(&iter_loss);
    if (param_.test_compute_loss()) {
      loss += iter_loss;
    }
    //如果是当前第一次测试，则将结果的指针压入容器
    //由于每一次迭代的时候，结构都放在，内存的同一位置
    //因此，只需要记录，网络输出数据块的地址，就可以得到，每一次迭代的结果
    if (i == 0) {
      for (int j = 0; j < result.size(); ++j) {
        const Dtype* result_vec = result[j]->cpu_data();
        for (int k = 0; k < result[j]->count(); ++k) {
          test_score.push_back(result_vec[k]);
          test_score_output_id.push_back(j);
        }
      }
    } else {
    //每一次迭代结果累加
      int idx = 0;
      for (int j = 0; j < result.size(); ++j) {
        const Dtype* result_vec = result[j]->cpu_data();
        for (int k = 0; k < result[j]->count(); ++k) {
          test_score[idx++] += result_vec[k];
        }
      }
    }
  }
  if (requested_early_exit_) {
    LOG(INFO)     << "Test interrupted.";
    return;
  }
  if (param_.test_compute_loss()) {
    loss /= param_.test_iter(test_net_id);
    LOG(INFO) << "Test loss: " << loss;
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < test_score.size(); ++i) {
    const int output_blob_index =
        test_net->output_blob_indices()[test_score_output_id[i]];
    const string& output_name = test_net->blob_names()[output_blob_index];
    const Dtype loss_weight = test_net->blob_loss_weights()[output_blob_index];
    ostringstream loss_msg_stream;
    //对结果进行平均
    const Dtype mean_score = test_score[i] / param_.test_iter(test_net_id);
    //打印平均损失值，以及网络输出结果
    if (loss_weight) {
      loss_msg_stream << " (* " << loss_weight
                      << " = " << loss_weight * mean_score << " loss)";
    }
    LOG(INFO) << "    Test net output #" << i << ": " << output_name << " = "
              << mean_score << loss_msg_stream.str();
  }
}
//快照
template <typename Dtype>
void Solver<Dtype>::Snapshot() {
  CHECK(Caffe::root_solver());
  string model_filename;
  switch (param_.snapshot_format()) {
  case caffe::SolverParameter_SnapshotFormat_BINARYPROTO:
    model_filename = SnapshotToBinaryProto();
    break;
  case caffe::SolverParameter_SnapshotFormat_HDF5:
    model_filename = SnapshotToHDF5();
    break;
  default:
    LOG(FATAL) << "Unsupported snapshot format.";
  }

  SnapshotSolverState(model_filename);
}
//检查快照文件夹是否又写入权限
template <typename Dtype>
void Solver<Dtype>::CheckSnapshotWritePermissions() {
  if (Caffe::root_solver() && param_.snapshot()) {
    CHECK(param_.has_snapshot_prefix())
        << "In solver params, snapshot is specified but snapshot_prefix is not";
    string probe_filename = SnapshotFilename(".tempfile");
    std::ofstream probe_ofs(probe_filename.c_str());
    if (probe_ofs.good()) {
      probe_ofs.close();
      std::remove(probe_filename.c_str());
    } else {
      LOG(FATAL) << "Cannot write to snapshot prefix '"
          << param_.snapshot_prefix() << "'.  Make sure "
          << "that the directory exists and is writeable.";
    }
  }
}

template <typename Dtype>
string Solver<Dtype>::SnapshotFilename(const string extension) {
  return param_.snapshot_prefix() + "_iter_" + caffe::format_int(iter_)
    + extension;
}

//将权值写入，caffemodel文件中
template <typename Dtype>
string Solver<Dtype>::SnapshotToBinaryProto() {
  string model_filename = SnapshotFilename(".caffemodel");
  LOG(INFO) << "Snapshotting to binary proto file " << model_filename;
  NetParameter net_param;
  net_->ToProto(&net_param, param_.snapshot_diff());
  WriteProtoToBinaryFile(net_param, model_filename);
  return model_filename;
}

template <typename Dtype>
string Solver<Dtype>::SnapshotToHDF5() {
  string model_filename = SnapshotFilename(".caffemodel.h5");
  LOG(INFO) << "Snapshotting to HDF5 file " << model_filename;
  net_->ToHDF5(model_filename, param_.snapshot_diff());
  return model_filename;
}

template <typename Dtype>
void Solver<Dtype>::Restore(const char* state_file) {
  string state_filename(state_file);
  if (state_filename.size() >= 3 &&
      state_filename.compare(state_filename.size() - 3, 3, ".h5") == 0) {
    RestoreSolverStateFromHDF5(state_filename);
  } else {
    RestoreSolverStateFromBinaryProto(state_filename);
  }
}
//平滑损失函数
template <typename Dtype>
void Solver<Dtype>::UpdateSmoothedLoss(Dtype loss, int start_iter,
    int average_loss) {
  if (losses_.size() < average_loss) {
    losses_.push_back(loss);
    int size = losses_.size();
    smoothed_loss_ = (smoothed_loss_ * (size - 1) + loss) / size;
  } else {
    int idx = (iter_ - start_iter) % average_loss;
    smoothed_loss_ += (loss - losses_[idx]) / average_loss;
    losses_[idx] = loss;
  }
}

INSTANTIATE_CLASS(Solver);

}  // namespace caffe