一个对象池的实现
这里提供了一个池类对象的模板的实现,你可以在自己的程序中使用这个池实现。这个池在构造时会分配一大块(chunk)指定类的对象(这里的“块”,可以理解为包括许多对象,即一堆对象),并通过 acquireObject( ) 方法交出对象。当客户用完这个对象时,会通过 releaseObject( ) 方法将其返回。如果调用了 acquireObject( ) ,但是没有空闲的对象,池会分配另外一块对象。
对象池实现中最难的一方面是要记录哪些对象是空闲的,哪些对象正在使用。这个实现采用以下做法,即把空闲的对象保存在一个队列中。每次客户请求一个对象时,池就会把队列中第一个对象交个客户。这个池不会显式地跟踪正在使用的对象。它相信客户在用完对象后会正确的把对象交还到池中。另外,这个池在一个向量中记录所有已分配的对象。这个向量仅在撤销池时才会用到,以便是否所有对象的内存,从而避免内存泄露。
以下是类的定义,要注意,这个模板是基于相应的类类型(要在池中构造何种类型的对象)参数化的。
- #include <queue>
- #include <vector>
- #include <stdexcept>
- #include <memory>
- using std::queue;
- using std::vector;
- //
- // template class ObjectPool
- //
- // Provides an object pool that can be used with any class that provides a
- // default constructor.
- //
- // The object pool constructor creates a pool of objects, which it hands out
- // to clients when requested via the acquireObject() method. When a client is
- // finished with the object it calls releaseObject() to put the object back
- // into the object pool.
- //
- // The constructor and destructor on each object in the pool will be called only
- // once each for the lifetime of the program, not once per acquisition and release.
- //
- // The primary use of an object pool is to avoid creating and deleting objects
- // repeatedly. The object pool is most suited to applications that use large
- // numbers of objects for short periods of time.
- //
- // For efficiency, the object pool doesn't perform sanity checks.
- // Expects the user to release every acquired object exactly once.
- // Expects the user to avoid using any objects that he or she has released.
- //
- // Expects the user not to delete the object pool until every object
- // that was acquired has been released. Deleting the object pool invalidates
- // any objects that the user had acquired, even if they had not yet been released.
- //
- template <typename T>
- class ObjectPool
- {
- public:
- //
- // Creates an object pool with chunkSize objects.
- // Whenever the object pool runs out of objects, chunkSize
- // more objects will be added to the pool. The pool only grows:
- // objects are never removed from the pool (freed), until
- // the pool is destroyed.
- //
- // Throws invalid_argument if chunkSize is <= 0.
- //
- ObjectPool(int chunkSize = kDefaultChunkSize)
- throw(std::invalid_argument, std::bad_alloc);
- //
- // Frees all the allocated objects. Invalidates any objects that have
- // been acquired for use.
- //
- ~ObjectPool();
- //
- // Reserve an object for use. The reference to the object is invalidated
- // if the object pool itself is freed.
- //
- // Clients must not free the object!
- //
- T& acquireObject();
- //
- // Return the object to the pool. Clients must not use the object after
- // it has been returned to the pool.
- //
- void releaseObject(T& obj);
- protected:
- //
- // mFreeList stores the objects that are not currently in use
- // by clients.
- //
- queue<T*> mFreeList;
- //
- // mAllObjects stores pointers to all the objects, in use
- // or not. This vector is needed in order to ensure that all
- // objects are freed properly in the destructor.
- //
- vector<T*> mAllObjects;
- int mChunkSize;
- static const int kDefaultChunkSize = 10;
- //
- // Allocates mChunkSize new objects and adds them
- // to the mFreeList.
- //
- void allocateChunk();
- static void arrayDeleteObject(T* obj);
- private:
- // Prevent assignment and pass-by-value
- ObjectPool(const ObjectPool<T>& src);
- ObjectPool<T>& operator=(const ObjectPool<T>& rhs);
- };
- template<typename T>
- const int ObjectPool<T>::kDefaultChunkSize;
- template <typename T>
- ObjectPool<T>::ObjectPool(int chunkSize) throw(std::invalid_argument,
- std::bad_alloc) : mChunkSize(chunkSize)
- {
- if (mChunkSize <= 0) {
- throw std::invalid_argument("chunk size must be positive");
- }
- // Create mChunkSize objects to start
- allocateChunk();
- }
- //
- // Allocates an array of mChunkSize objects because that's
- // more efficient than allocating each of them individually.
- // Stores a pointer to the first element of the array in the mAllObjects
- // vector. Adds a pointer to each new object to the mFreeList.
- //
- template <typename T>
- void ObjectPool<T>::allocateChunk()
- {
- T* newObjects = new T[mChunkSize];
- mAllObjects.push_back(newObjects);
- for (int i = 0; i < mChunkSize; i++) {
- mFreeList.push(&newObjects[i]);
- }
- }
- //
- // Freeing function for use in the for_each algorithm in the
- // destructor.
- //
- template<typename T>
- void ObjectPool<T>::arrayDeleteObject(T* obj)
- {
- delete [] obj;
- }
- template <typename T>
- ObjectPool<T>::~ObjectPool()
- {
- // free each of the allocation chunks
- for_each(mAllObjects.begin(), mAllObjects.end(), arrayDeleteObject);
- }
- template <typename T>
- T& ObjectPool<T>::acquireObject()
- {
- if (mFreeList.empty()) {
- allocateChunk();
- }
- T* obj = mFreeList.front();
- mFreeList.pop();
- return (*obj);
- }
- template <typename T>
- void ObjectPool<T>::releaseObject(T& obj)
- {
- mFreeList.push(&obj);
- }
对于这个类定义有几点需要强调。首先,要注意,对象是按引用获取和释放的,而不是按指针,这样可以避免客户通过指针管理或释放对象。接下来,注意对象池的用户通过模板参数来指定可以创建哪一个类的对象(即类名),通过构造函数指定分配的“块大小”。这个“块大小”控制着一次可创建的对象数。以下是定义 kDefaultChunkSize 的代码:
- template<typename T>
- const int ObjectPool<T>::kDefaultChunkSize;
根据类定义,默认值 10 对于大多数使用来说可能都太小了.如果程序一次需要成千上万的对象,就应该使用一个更大、更适合的值。
构造函数验证 chunkSize 参数,并调用 allocateChunk( ) 辅助方法来得到起始的对象分配。
- template <typename T>
- ObjectPool<T>::ObjectPool(int chunkSize) throw(std::invalid_argument,
- std::bad_alloc) : mChunkSize(chunkSize)
- {
- if (mChunkSize <= 0) {
- throw std::invalid_argument("chunk size must be positive");
- }
- // Create mChunkSize objects to start
- allocateChunk();
- }
allocateChunk( ) 方法在连续地存储空间中分配 mChunkSize 个元素。它会在一个 mAllObjects vector 中存储对象数组的指针,并把各个对象压至 mFreeLlist queue。
- //
- // Allocates an array of mChunkSize objects because that's
- // more efficient than allocating each of them individually.
- // Stores a pointer to the first element of the array in the mAllObjects
- // vector. Adds a pointer to each new object to the mFreeList.
- //
- template <typename T>
- void ObjectPool<T>::allocateChunk()
- {
- T* newObjects = new T[mChunkSize];
- mAllObjects.push_back(newObjects);
- for (int i = 0; i < mChunkSize; i++) {
- mFreeList.push(&newObjects[i]);
- }
- }
析构函数只是释放 allocateChunk( ) 中分配的所有对象数组。不过,它使用了 for_each( ) STL算法来做到这一点,在此向 for_each( ) 传递一个arrayDelete( ) 静态方法的指针,这个方法会对各个对象数组具体完成删除调用。
- //
- // Freeing function for use in the for_each algorithm in the
- // destructor.
- //
- template<typename T>
- void ObjectPool<T>::arrayDeleteObject(T* obj)
- {
- delete [] obj;
- }
- template <typename T>
- ObjectPool<T>::~ObjectPool()
- {
- // free each of the allocation chunks
- for_each(mAllObjects.begin(), mAllObjects.end(), arrayDeleteObject);
- }
acquireObject( ) 会返回空闲列表中的队头对象,如果没有空闲对象则首先调用 allocateChunk( ) 。
- template <typename T>
- T& ObjectPool<T>::acquireObject()
- {
- if (mFreeList.empty()) {
- allocateChunk();
- }
- T* obj = mFreeList.front();
- mFreeList.pop();
- return (*obj);
- }
最后,releaseObject( ) 将对象返回到空闲列表的队尾。
- template <typename T>
- void ObjectPool<T>::releaseObject(T& obj)
- {
- mFreeList.push(&obj);
- }
使用对象池
请考虑一个要从用户得到请求并处理这些请求的应用。这个应用很可能是图形前端和后端数据库之间的一个中间件。例如,这可能是一个航空预定系统或一个在线银行应用的一部分。你可能想把每个用户请求编码到一个对象中,这个类可能如下。
- class UserRequest
- {
- public:
- UserRequest() {}
- ~UserRequest() {}
- // Methods to populate the request with specific information.
- // Methods to retrieve the request data.
- // (not shown)
- protected:
- // data members (not shown)
- };
这里不用在程序的整个生命期中创建和删除大量请求,而是可以使用一个对象池。程序可能如下所示:
- UserRequest& obtainUserRequest(ObjectPool<UserRequest>& pool)
- {
- // Obtain a UserRequest object from the pool
- UserRequest& request = pool.acquireObject();
- // populate the request with user input
- // (not shown)
- return (request);
- }
- void processUserRequest(ObjectPool<UserRequest>& pool, UserRequest& req)
- {
- // process the request
- // (not shown)
- // return the request to the pool
- pool.releaseObject(req);
- }
- int main(int argc, char** argv)
- {
- ObjectPool<UserRequest> requestPool(1000);
- // Set up program
- // (not shown)
- while (true /* program is running */) {
- UserRequest& req = obtainUserRequest(requestPool);
- processUserRequest(requestPool, req);
- }
- return (0);
- }
另外,,,使用线程池也是一个提高C++程序效率的不错方式。线程池和对象池很相似,即不在程序的整个生命期中动态地创建和删除线程,而是创建一个线程池,按需使用池中的线程。如果程序要处理到来的网络请求,这种程序中常常会用到这种技术.web 服务器就可以维护一个线程池,以备查找页面,从而对到来的各个客户请求作出反应。