【转载自http://www.antenna-theory.com/basics/impedance.php】
Antenna Impedance
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| Antenna impedance relates the voltage to the current at the input to the antenna. This is extremely important as we will see. Let's say an antenna has an impedance of 50 ohms. This means that if a sinusoidal voltage is applied at the antenna terminals with an amplitude of 1 Volt, then the current will have an amplitude of 1/50 = 0.02 Amps. Since the impedance is a real number, the voltage is in-phase with the current. Alternatively, suppose the impedance is given by a complex number, say Z=50 + j*50 ohms. Note that "j" is the square root of -1. Imaginary numbers are there to give phase information. If the impedance is entirely real [Z=50 + j*0], then the voltage and current are exactly in time-phase. If the impedance is entirely imaginary [Z=0 + j*50], then the voltage leads the current by 90 degrees in phase. If Z=50 + j*50, then the impedance has a magnitude equal to: 
This means the phase of the current will lag the voltage by 45 degrees. That is, the current waveform is delayed relative to the voltage waveform.To spell it out, if the voltage (with frequency f) at the antenna terminals is given by 
Hence, antenna impedance is a simple concept. Impedance relates the voltage and current at the input to the antenna. The real part of the antenna impedance represents power that is either radiated away or absorbed within the antenna. The imaginary part of the impedance represents power that is stored in the near field of the antenna. This is non-radiated power. An antenna with a real input impedance (zero imaginary part) is said to be resonant.Note that the impedance of an antenna will vary with frequency. While simple, we will now explain why this is important, considering both the low frequency and high frequency cases. Low Frequency When we are dealing with low frequencies, the transmission line that connects the transmitter or receiver to the antenna is short. Short in antenna theory always means "relative to a wavelength". Hence, 5 meters could be short or very long, depending on what frequency we are operating at. At 60 Hz, the wavelength is about 3100 miles, so the transmission line can almost always be neglected. However, at 2 GHz, the wavelength is 15 cm, so the little length of line within your cell phone can often be considered a 'long line'. Basically, if the line length is less than a tenth of a wavelength, it is reasonably considered a short line. Consider an antenna (which is represented as an impedance given by ZA) hooked up to a voltage source (of magnitude V) with source impedance given by ZS. The equivalent circuit of this is shown in Figure 1. 
From circuit theory, we know that P=I*V.The power that is delivered to the antenna is: 
If ZA is much smaller in magnitude than ZS, then no power will be delivered to the antenna and it won't transmit or receive energy.If ZA is much larger in magnitude than ZS, then no power will be delivered as well. For maximum power to be transferred from the generator to the antenna, the ideal value for the antenna impedance is given by: 
The * in the above equation represents complex conjugate. So if ZS=30+j*30 ohms, then for maximum power transfer the antenna should impedance ZA=30-j*30 ohms. Typically, the source impedance is real (imaginary part equals zero), in which case maximum power transfer occurs when ZA=ZS. Hence, we now know that for an antenna to work properly, its impedance must not be too large or too small. It turns out that this is one of the fundamental design parameters for an antenna, and it isn't always easy to design an antenna with the right impedance - particularly over a wide frequency range. High Frequency This section will be a little more advanced. In low-frequency circuit theory, the wires that connect things don't matter. Once the wires become a significant fraction of a wavelength, they make things very different. For instance, a short circuit has an impedance of zero ohms. However, if the impedance is measured at the end of a quarter wavelength transmission line, the impedance appears to be infinite, even though there is a dc conduction path. In general, the transmission line will transform the impedance of an antenna, making it very difficult to deliver power, unless the antenna is matched to the transmission line. Consider the situation shown in Figure 2.The impedance is to be measured at the end of a transmission line (with characteristic impedance Z0) and Length L. The end of the transmission line is hooked to an antenna with impedance ZA. 
Figure 2. High Frequency Example. It turns out (after studying transmission line theory for a while), that the input impedance Zin is given by: 
This is a little formidable for an equation to understand at a glance. However, the happy thing is: If the antenna is matched to the transmission line (ZA=ZO), then the input impedancedoes not depend on the length of the transmission line. This makes things much simpler. If the antenna is not matched, the input impedance will vary widely with the length of the transmission line. And if the input impedance isn't well matched to the source impedance, not very much power will be delivered to the antenna. This power ends up being reflected back to the generator, which can be a problem in itself (especially if high power is transmitted). This loss of power is known as impedance mismatch. Hence, we see that having a tuned impedance for an antenna is extremely important. For more information on transmission lines, see the transmission line tutorial. VSWRWe see that an antenna's impedance is important for minimizing impedance-mismatch loss. A poorly matched antenna will not radiate power. This can be somewhat alleviated via impedance matching, although this doesn't always work over a sufficient bandwidth (bandwidth is the next topic). A common measure of how well matched the antenna is to the transmission line or receiver is known as the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR). VSWR is a real number that is always greater than or equal to 1. A VSWR of 1 indicates no mismatch loss (the antenna is perfectly matched to the tx line). Higher values of VSWR indicate more mismatch loss. As an example of common VSWR values, a VSWR of 3.0 indicates about 75% of the power is delivered to the antenna (1.25 dB of mismatch loss); a VSWR of 7.0 indicates 44% of the power is delivered to the antenna (3.6 dB of mismatch loss). A VSWR of 6 or more is pretty high and will generally need to be improved. The parameter VSWR sounds like an overly complicated concept; however, power reflected by an antennaon a transmission line interferes with the forward travelling power - and this creates a standing voltage wave - which can be numerically evaluated by the quantity Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR).For more information, see the page onVSWR and VSWR Specifications. In the next section on antenna basics, we'll look at the very important antenna parameter known as bandwidth. Next Topic: Bandwidth Antenna Theory (Home) |
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